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Digital Human Security 2020 数字人类安全 2020.pdf
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Digital Human Security 2020 数字人类安全 2020.pdf
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Digital Human Security 2020
Human security in the age of AI: Securing and empowering individuals
Foreword
We at the ICT4Peace Foundation have been working on Information Communication
Technologies (ICTs) and peace and security issues for the past 14 years. Much has changed in
terms of the potential for international coordination, the speed of information, the rise of social
media and the advancements made by AI. Over the past 18 months ICT4Peace has focussed
particularly on the impact of Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity on society and individuals
and resulting peace-time threats. How can we secure individuals’ rights, data and privacy
online, using traditional national security approaches when the challenges we face are
inherently both local citizen-based, and international? One way forward could be to develop
policies that consider the individual as the epicenter of the security challenge instead of only
traditional territorial sovereignty. Human beings need to be the core focus of the IT and
security agenda going forward.
The ICT4Peace foundation in cooperation with the Zurich Hub for Ethics and Technology (ZHET)
held a series of informal workshops
1
in 2018 with leading thinkers on the impact of AI. As the
events of the past months have signalled, it is clear we are at a turning point about how we
want to manage and shape the future of the “Data Age”.
Introduction
Since the creation of the World Wide Web in 1989 humanity has been charging full speed
ahead on all things technological. Much of this has been positive for humanity: improving global
interaction, helping to lift millions out of poverty, simplifying processes, facilitating medical
advances, promoting peace, improving peace-keeping operations and humanitarian work, and
allowing for contacts and connections in real time everywhere. Democratic governments and
open-minded individuals were euphoric about the role of social media in the Arab Spring,
1
Including with Professor Stuart Russell, Professor of Computer Science and Smith-Zadeh Professor in Engineering, University of California,
Berkeley, USA, and Professor Ron Arkin, Regents' Professor, Director of Mobile Robot Laboratory School of Interactive Computing, College of
Computing, Georgia Tech, USA. The ICT4Peace and Zurich Hub for Ethics and Technolog (ZHET) also participated at RightsCon Toronto 2018 on
Artificial Intelligence: Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems and Peace Time Threats with Todd Davies, Associate Director and Lecturer,
Symbolic Systems Program, Stanford University, USA, Ron Deibert, Director, Citizen Lab, Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto,
Canada , Kyle Dent, Author and Researcher, Palo Alto Research Center, PARC, USA , Maarten Van Horenbeeck, Board Member and former
Chairman, Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST), USA and David Kirkpatrick, Founder, Techonomy Media, and author, The
Facebook Effect, USA.
seeing it as a progressive force, uniting the oppressed and underprivileged, a tool for
mobilization and the ultimate voice and power of the people. The principles of democracy and
equality, “Liberté, Fraternité et Égalité”, “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”, were
thought to be entrenched, virtually unchallenged and impossible to turn back in particular due
to the power of technology.
The world today looks much more layered and complex. The euphoria is gone and has been
replaced by angst. The tools that were meant to bring people closer together, to lessen even
further the differences in colour, culture, religion, gender and sexuality, have been turned
against the very principles humanity has been striving towards for generations, and have in part
created even greater divisions. Against the volatile backdrop of rising inequality across the
world, disparate actors are manipulating social media and the masses for their own personal
political and material gain. Disinformation, misinformation, propaganda, is spread with
lightning speed to targeted audiences reinforcing beliefs based on lies, perpetuating a vicious
cycle where the truth is not only hard to find but for many uninteresting, irrelevant and in their
world untrue. Advances in Artificial Intelligence are in part augmenting these trends. The full
impact of these technological tools are yet to be really understood. What is sure is that the
consequences of our actions today, the enormity of which we don’t or can’t fully comprehend,
will be felt for generations to come.
We are witnessing a rise in demagoguery, a rise in racism and a turning away from joint global
and regional institutions. Institutions that were created out of the destruction and devastation
of World War, the lessons of which seem to have been forgotten. Institutions that may not be
perfect but are a crucial forum for interaction, exchange, global discussion, and a means
through which we can actually tackle global problems together such as climate change, poverty,
conflict, transnational crime and trade. Protectionism, nationalism, racism and hatred have had
their chance in history and always failed.
We need to start using technological tools and AI to fight against current negative trends, we
need to have ethical technology that is not easy to manipulate and abuse. We need to re-build
trust in the media and in our institutions, and use technology as a tool to promote peace and
not hatred. In the dearth of leadership today, we need to think how great leaders like Martin
Luther King or Nelson Mandela would have used technological tools to advance peace and the
fundamental principles of human rights. How would the principles of King’s 1963 speech “I have
a dream” translate into the digital age? We need to promote digital human security, starting
with the individual, both in conflict and peace-time situations, and through all levels of society
and government.
In 1994 the UNDP Human Development Report presented the concept of security as linked to
humans rather than geographical entities and to development instead of weapons.
http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-1994. The concept of human
security included freedom from fear and freedom from want. Human security encompasses
food, a safe place to live, healthcare, economic well-being and education. It is now time to
extend this to encompass technological issues that threaten human security; to consider the
full impact of technology on the individual from fake news to the latest developments in AI.
The impact of AI, LAWS and Peace-time Threats
AI is a fundamental game-changer in the context of Digital Human Security. Only time will really
tell how much is hype but we are still at a point where we can influence, shape and govern the
outcome and the type of world we would like to live in. To do this we need the active
involvement of all actors including individual citizens, civil society, business, government, the
international community and academia. Like almost all advances, AI brings with it both positive
beneficial aspects for society and negative, potentially dangerous developments.
We need to look closely at the role of AI including AI and peace-time threats, AI and
cybersecurity, AI and ethics, AI and Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) and the use
of AI in peace negotiations and the non-violent transformation of conflict. We also need to
ensure that individual citizens are being educated about AI and its implications. Only then can
individuals take informed decisions about information they are presented with and about their
own digital security. Finland is leading the way in educating its citizens through the
development and launch of a free online course in May 2018. “The Elements of AI course seeks
to demystify AI by making it more accessible - it is targeted to anyone who is interested in
learning more about AI with no prior mathematical or programming skills required. The
initiative of the Finnish government aims to attract 1% of the population to take up the
challenge and learn more about basics in AI topics such as machine learning and neural
networks by the end of this year.” https://www.nesta.org.uk/blog/ai-all-how-finland-and-other-
countries-are-delivering-free-accessible-digital-skills-training/
https://www.elementsofai.com
AI already permeates many aspects of our daily lives with algorithms continuously figuring out
and storing our preferences, and allowing an unprecedented level of surveillance and personal
data accumulation, in many cases negatively impacting our digital security. Microsoft has just
called for the regulation of facial recognition technology,
https://www.technologyreview.com/the-download/611651/microsoft-wants-the-government-
to-regulate-face-recognition-software/ . Algorithms are being used to hire and fire people, to
determine sentencing in judicial processes, to forecast global financial activities, for targeted
advertising, loan approval, translation, self-driving cars and also have an enormous impact in
the health industry. Robots are taking on an increasingly important role in many businesses,
and may spell mass unemployment and job displacement. ICT4Peace and the Zurich Hub for
Ethics and Technology have highlighted the “Peace Time Threats” that AI can pose for Society in
the following paper by Regina Surber: https://ethicsandtechnology.org/artificial-intelligence-
autonomous-technology-lethal-autonomous-weapons-systems-laws-peace-time-threats/.
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