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【1986】Spectral analysis classification sonars.pdf
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SPECTRAL
ANALYSIS
CLASSIFICATION
SONARS
A
thesis
presented
for
the
degree
of
Doctor
of
Philosophy
in
Electrical
Engineering
at
the
University
of
Canterbury,
Christchurch,
New
Zealand
by
Dolf
de
Roos, B.E.
(hans)
~
1986
i
ABSTRACT
Sonar
target
classification
based
on
frequency-domain
echo
analysis
is
investigated.
Conventional
pulsed
sonars
are
compared
with
continuous
transmission
frequency
modulated
(CTFM)
sonars,
and
differences
relating
to
target
classification
are
discussed.
A
practical
technique
is
introduced
which
eliminates
the
blind
time
inherent
in
CTFM
technology.
The
value
and
implications
of
modelling
underwater
sonars
in
air
are
discussed
and
illustrated.
The
relati
ve
merits
of
auditory,
visual
and
computer
analysis
of
echoes
are
examined,
and
the
effects
of
using
two
or
more
analysis
methods
simultaneously
are
investigated.
Var
ious
stat
i
sti
cal
techni
ques
for
detect
i
ng
and
classifying
targets
are
explored.
It
is
seen
that
with
present
hardware
limitations,
a
two-stage
echo
analysis
approach
offers
the
most
efficient
means
of
target
classification.
A
novel
design
for
three-section
quarter-wavelength
transducers
is
presented
and
evaluated.
Their
inherently
flat
frequency
response
makes
these
transducers
well
suited
to
broadband
applications.
The
design
philosophy
and
construction
details
of
a
Diver's
Sonar
and
an
underwater
Classification
Sonar
are
given.
Sea
trials
reveal
that
using
the
Diver's
Sonar,
a
blind-folded
diver
can
successfully
navigate
in
an
unknown
environment,
and
locate
and
classify
targets;
using
the
Classification
Sonar,
targets
may
be
located
and
classif
ied
using
ei
ther
operators
or
computer
software.
:-
5
OCTo;;'
0
Figure
1
ii
Stack
Plot
displays
showing
the
frequency
responses
of
a -21dB
sphere
(top)
and a
scuba
diver
(bottom).
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly,
I must
thank
my
supervisor,
Professor
Leslie
Kay, whose
ideas
and
hypotheses
sparked
off
my
interest
in
this
proJect.
His
intuiti
ve
grasp
on
the
whole
sonar
field
is
extremely
comprehensi
ve
and
reflects
the
lifetime
of
dedication
he
has
given
it.
Professor
Kay's
propensity
to
extensive
travel
abroad
has,
however,
resulted
in
a
large
part
of
my
day
to
day
contact
being
with
my
associate
supervi
sor,
Dr
Peter
Gough.
Wi
th
an
uncompromising
atti
tude
towards
relevance,
Dr Gough
has
provided
me
with
much-valued
support
and
guidance.
Much
of
the
experimental
work
and
system
development
reported
in
this
thesis
could
not
have
been
carried
out
without
the
skills
and
enthusiasm
of
many
indi
viduals.
Thanks
are
due
to
Art
Vernon,
the
craftsman
behind
the
di
vert
s
sonar
transducers,
who
never
complained
about
being
given
yet
another
des
i gn .
Together
we
spent
days
on end
in
a
shack
known
as
the
fish
hut,
testing
a
long
succession
of
new
transducer
deSigns,
and
later
calibrating
and
matching
transducer
elements
and
arrays.
I
am
particularly
appreciative
of
the
contri
butions
of
Mike
Cusdin
who
designed
and
developed
much
of
the
sonar
electronics
referred
to
in
this
thesis.
Mike's
fifteen
years
of
practical
experience
in
building
CTFM
sonars
is
reflected
in
his
engineering
proficiency.
I would
also
like
to
thank
my
colleague
Jul
ian
Sinton,
wi
th
whom
I
shared
the
large
ultrasonics
laboratory
and
had
many
useful
discussions.
Jul
ian
put
in
a
prodigious
effort
designing
and
constructing
the
computer
iv
system
used
in
the
Classification
Sonar.
Financial
support
during
various
phases
of
the
research
is
acknowledged
from
the
N.
Z.
Ministry
of
Agriculture
and
Fisheries,
and
from
Edo
Western
Corporation
(Salt
Lake
City,
Utah).
Finally,
I would
like
my
family
to
know
that
their
encouragement
and
support,
not
only
for
the
duration
of
these
studies
but
ever
since
I
can
remember,
has
always
been
taci
tly
appreciated
and
deeply
valued,
and
I now
take
the
opportunity
to
express
my
thanks
to
them.
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