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aps009_dw1000_under_laes_v1.3.pdf
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aps009_dw1000_under_laes_v1.3.pdf
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© Decawave 2015 This document is confidential and contains information which is proprietary to
Decawave Limited. No reproduction is permitted without prior express written permission of the
author
APPLICATION NOTE: APS009
APS009 APPLICATION NOTE
OPERATING THE DW1000
UNDER LAES REGULATIONS
Using the DW1000 with an
external power amplifier to
increase transmit power and
communications range
Version 1.3
This document is subject to change without
notice
APS009: Using the DW1000 with an external power amplifier
© Decawave 2015 This document is confidential and contains information which is proprietary to
Decawave Limited. No reproduction is permitted without prior express written permission of the
author
Page 2 of 17
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................... 2
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................ 2
1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 4
1.1 OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................. 4
1.2 COMPLIANCE WITH REGULATIONS ................................................................................................................... 4
1.2.1 LAES compliance ............................................................................................................................. 4
1.2.2 Caution advised............................................................................................................................... 4
1.3 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE MODIFICATIONS .................................................................................................... 4
2 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION ............................................................................................................... 6
2.1 OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................. 6
2.2 CONTROL SIGNALS ....................................................................................................................................... 6
2.3 POWER SUPPLIES ......................................................................................................................................... 6
2.4 RF PATH .................................................................................................................................................... 6
2.4.1 Overview / Basic scheme ................................................................................................................ 6
2.4.2 Detailed schematic .......................................................................................................................... 7
2.4.3 PCB layout ....................................................................................................................................... 9
3 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION ............................................................................................................... 10
3.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 10
3.2 REGISTER PROGRAMMING ........................................................................................................................... 10
3.3 CODE CHANGES ......................................................................................................................................... 10
4 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 12
4.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 12
4.2 EFFECT ON ANTENNA DELAY & ITS CALIBRATION ............................................................................................... 12
4.3 RECEIVER SIGNAL-BASED EFFECTS .................................................................................................................. 12
4.3.1 Effect on range bias & its correction ............................................................................................. 12
4.3.2 Potential receiver saturation ........................................................................................................ 12
4.4 RECEIVER ACCUMULATOR WRAP-AROUND ...................................................................................................... 12
5 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 13
6 DOCUMENT HISTORY ............................................................................................................................. 13
7 MAJOR CHANGES ................................................................................................................................... 13
8 ABOUT DECAWAVE ................................................................................................................................ 14
9 APPENDIX 1: COMPONENT SPECIFICATIONS .......................................................................................... 15
9.1 BALUN ..................................................................................................................................................... 15
9.2 POWER AMPLIFIER ..................................................................................................................................... 16
9.3 RF SWITCH ............................................................................................................................................... 17
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1: BASIC SCHEME .............................................................................................................................................. 7
FIGURE 2: HARDWARE SCHEMATIC .................................................................................................................................. 8
FIGURE 3: PCB LAYOUT ................................................................................................................................................ 9
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1: DW1000 PINS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CONTROL OF AN EXTERNAL PA SCHEME ........................................................... 6
APS009: Using the DW1000 with an external power amplifier
© Decawave 2015 This document is confidential and contains information which is proprietary to
Decawave Limited. No reproduction is permitted without prior express written permission of the
author
Page 3 of 17
TABLE 2: TABLE OF REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 13
TABLE 3: DOCUMENT HISTORY ..................................................................................................................................... 13
APS009: Using the DW1000 with an external power amplifier
© Decawave 2015 This document is confidential and contains information which is proprietary to
Decawave Limited. No reproduction is permitted without prior express written permission of the
author
Page 4 of 17
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
The transmit output power of the DW1000 is limited by design to a maximum value of approx. -35dBm
/ MHz. This is more than adequate to meet the regulatory maximum limit of -41.3dBm / MHz that
applies in the vast majority of geographies when UWB is permitted and provide some margin to allow
for PCB and enclosure losses.
Needless to say, this restriction of output power along with the sensitivity of the DW1000 receiver
results in a finite link budget which is the primary determinant of communications and location range –
in the case of the DW1000 the maximum range is approximately 280 m.
Certain scenarios have recently emerged, particularly in the area of first responders to emergency
situations, where it is desirable to considerably extend this range given that the location to which the
first responders are deployed will most likely not have any UWB RTLS infrastructure deployed so they
will need to deploy their own when they arrive.
1.2 Compliance with regulations
As a result of the above, ETSI, the regulatory body in Europe, has drawn up a new standard denoted
LAES (Location tracking Applications for Emergency Services) that applies only in the case of first
responders and other specific use cases where the transmit power limits have been increased from
the nominal -41.3 dBm / MHz by 20 dB to -21.3 dBm / MHz. This represents a significant increase in
link budget and therefore communications range.
1.2.1 LAES compliance
The European LAES regulations specifically restrict operation to the frequency range of 3.4 to 4.2
GHz.
In order to be fully compliant with the ETSI LAES spec it is necessary to modify the pulse shape used
in the DW1000 transmitter so that the resulting spectrum fits correctly within the LAES spectrum
mask. Contact Decawave for further details on this topic.
1.2.2 Caution advised
While the DW1000 can be used with an external power amplifier, as detailed in this note, to increase
transmit power by +20 dB and the DW1000 includes control signals to ease such a design, Decawave
cannot guarantee that such levels of transmit power will be permitted in a particular geographic area
under the regulations currently in force in that area.
Before commencing a design based on this application note, the user should satisfy themselves that it
will be legally possible to operate the final product in their end-market.
Decawave accepts no responsibility should it transpire that the +20 dB transmit power level is not
permitted in a particular geography.
It is important to note also that the upper frequency range of the external amplifier used in this
application note limits the operation of this circuit to the low-band channels (Channel 2, 3, 4) which
may have additional regulatory implications in certain regions and in particular may require the use of
low duty cycle operation. Again, the user is advised to check the local regulations in their end-market.
1.3 Hardware and software modifications
Adding an external power amplifier to the transmitter of the DW1000 is relatively simple; the DW1000
has been designed to provide the necessary control signals and provided the external circuitry is
implemented with care bearing in mind the frequencies & bandwidths involved then very good results
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