Radar Systems
Analysis and Design
Using
MATLAB
© 2000 by Chapman & Hall/CRC
CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
Bassem R. Mahafza, Ph.D.
COLSA Corporation
Huntsville, Alabama
Radar Systems
Analysis and Design
Using
MATLAB
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Mahafza,
Bassem
R.
Radar systems
& analysis
and design using
Matlab
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN
1-58488-182-8
(alk. paper)
1. Radar. 2. System analysis—Data processing. 3.
MATLAB.
I. Title.
TK6575
.M27
2000
521.38484—dc21
00-026914
CIP
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2000 by Chapman
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International Standard Book Number 1-58488-182-8
Library of Congress Card Number 00-026914
Printed in the United States of America 4567890
Printed on acid-free paper
Preface
Numerous books have been written on Radar Systems and Radar Applica-
tions. A limited set of these books provides companion software. There is
need for a comprehensive reference book that can provide the reader with
hands-on-like experience. The ideal radar book, in my opinion, should serve as
a conclusive, detailed, and useful reference for working engineers as well as a
textbook for students learning radar systems analysis and design. This book
must assume few prerequisites and must stand on its own as a complete presen-
tation of the subject. Examples and exercise problems must be included. User
friendly software that demonstrates the theory needs to be included. This soft-
ware should be reconfigurable to allow different users to vary the inputs in
order to better analyze their relevant and unique requirements, and enhance
understanding of the subject.
Radar Systems Analysis and Design Using MATLAB
®
concentrates on radar
fundamentals, principles, and rigorous mathematical derivations. It also pro-
vides the user with a comprehensive set of MATLAB
1
5.0 software that can be
used for radar analysis and/or radar system design. All programs will accept
user inputs or execute using the default set of parameters. This book will serve
as a valuable reference to students and radar engineers in analyzing and under-
standing the many issues associated with radar systems analysis and design. It
is written at the graduate level. Each chapter provides all the necessary mathe-
matical and analytical coverage required for good understanding of radar the-
ory. Additionally, dedicated MATLAB functions/programs have been
developed for each chapter to further enhance the understanding of the theory,
and provide a source for establishing radar system design requirements. This
book includes over 1190 equations and over 230 illustrations and plots. There
are over 200 examples and end-of-chapter problems. A solutions manual will
be made available to professors using the book as a text. The philosophy
behind Radar Systems Analysis and Design Using MATLAB is that radar sys-
tems should not be complicated to understand nor difficult to analyze and
design.
All MATLAB programs and functions provided in this book can be down-
loaded from the CRC Press Web site (www.crcpress.com). For this purpose,
create the following directory in your C-drive: C:\RSA. Copy all programs into
this directory. The path tree should be as in Fig. F.1 in Appendix F. Users can
execute a certain function/program GUI by typing: file_name_driver, where
1. All MATLAB functions and programs provided in this book were developed using
MATLAB 5.0 - R11 with the Signal Processing Toolbox, on a PC with Windows 98
operating system.
© 2000 by Chapman & Hall/CRC
file names are as indicated in Appendix F. The MATLAB functions and pro-
grams developed in this book include all forms of the radar equation: pulse
compression, stretch processing, matched filter, probability of detection calcu-
lations with all Swerling models, High Range Resolution (HRR), stepped fre-
quency waveform analysis, ghk tracking filter, Kalman filter, phased array
antennas, and many more.
The first part of Chapter 1 describes the most common terms used in radar
systems, such as range, range resolution, Doppler frequency, and coherency.
The second part of this chapter develops the radar range equation in many of
its forms. This presentation includes the low PRF, high PRF, search, bistatic
radar, and radar equation with jamming. Radar losses are briefly addressed in
this chapter. Chapter 2 discusses the Radar Cross Section (RCS). RCS depen-
dency on aspect angle, frequency, and polarization are discussed. Target scat-
tering matrix is developed. RCS formulas for many simple objects are
presented. Complex object RCS is discussed, and target fluctuation models are
introduced. Continuous wave radars and pulsed radars are discussed in Chapter
3. The CW radar equation is derived in this chapter. Resolving range and Dop-
pler ambiguities is also discussed in detail.
Chapter 4 is intended to provide an overview of the radar probability of
detection calculations and related topics. Detection of fluctuating targets
including Swerling I, II, III, and IV models is presented and analyzed. Coher-
ent and non-coherent integrations are also introduced. Cumulative probability
of detecting analysis is in this chapter. Chapter 5 reviews radar waveforms,
including CW, pulsed, and LFM. High Range Resolution (HRR) waveforms
and stepped frequency waveforms are also analyzed.
The concept of the matched filter, and the radar ambiguity function consti-
tute the topics of Chapter 6. Detailed derivations of many major results are pre-
sented in this chapter, including the coherent pulse train ambiguity function.
Pulse compression is in Chapter 7. Analog and digital pulse compressions are
also discussed in detail. This includes fast convolution and stretch processors.
Binary phase codes and frequency codes are discussed.
Chapter 8 presents the phenomenology of radar wave propagation. Topics
like multipath, refraction, diffraction, divergence, and atmospheric attenuation
are included. Chapter 9 contains the concepts of clutter and Moving Target
Indicator (MTI). Surface and volume clutter are defined and the relevant radar
equations are derived. Delay line cancelers implementation to mitigate the
effects of clutter is analyzed.
Chapter 10 has a brief discussion of radar antennas. The discussion includes
linear and planar phased arrays. Conventional beamforming is in this chapter.
Chapter 11 discusses target tracking radar systems. The first part of this chapter
covers the subject of single target tracking. Topics such as sequential lobing,
conical scan, monopulse, and range tracking are discussed in detail. The
© 2000 by Chapman & Hall/CRC
