2022年度人工智能指数报告.pdf

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Articial Intelligence

Index Report 2022

Table of Contents

REPORT HIGHLIGHTS 10

CHAPTER 1 Research and Development 13

CHAPTER 2 Technical Performance 47

CHAPTER 3 Technical AI Ethics 100

CHAPTER 4 The Economy and Education 139

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Articial Intelligence

Index Report 2022

publications—63.2% higher than the United States with all three publication types combined. In the meantime,

the United States held a dominant lead among major AI powers in the number of AI conference and repository

citations.

• From 2010 to 2021, the collaboration between educational and nonprot organizations produced the

highest number of AI publications, followed by the collaboration between private companies and educational

institutions and between educational and government institutions.

datasets.

• Rising interest in particular computer vision subtasks: In 2021, the research community saw a greater level

of interest in more specic computer vision subtasks, such as medical image segmentation and masked-face

identication. For example, only 3 research papers tested systems against the Kvasir-SEG medical imaging

benchmark prior to 2020. In 2021, 25 research papers did. Such an increase suggests that AI research is

moving toward research that can have more direct, real-world applications.

• AI has not mastered complex language tasks, yet: AI already exceeds human performance levels on basic

unable to achieve human performance on more complex linguistic tasks such as abductive natural

Articial Intelligence

Index Report 2022

(Procgen) in which they must operate in novel environments. This trend speaks to the future development of

AI systems that can learn to think more broadly.

• AI becomes more aordable and higher performing: Since 2018, the cost to train an image classication

system has decreased by 63.6%, while training times have improved by 94.4%. The trend of lower training

cost but faster training time appears across other MLPerf task categories such as recommendation, object

detection and language processing, and favors the more widespread commercial adoption of AI technologies.

• Robotic arms are becoming cheaper: An AI Index survey shows that the median price of robotic arms has

decreased fourfold in the past six years—from $50,000 per arm in 2016 to $12,845 in 2021. Robotics

CHAPTER 3: TECHNICAL AI ETHICS

• The rise of AI ethics everywhere: Research on fairness and transparency in AI has exploded since 2014, with a

vefold increase in related publications at ethics-related conferences. Algorithmic fairness and bias has shied

from being primarily an academic pursuit to becoming rmly embedded as a mainstream research topic with

wide-ranging implications. Researchers with industry ailiations contributed 71% more publications year

• Multimodal models learn multimodal biases: Rapid progress has been made on training multimodal language-

vision models which exhibit new levels of capability on joint language-vision tasks. These models have set new

records on tasks like image classication and the creation of images from text descriptions, but they also reect

societal stereotypes and biases in their outputs—experiments on CLIP showed that images of Black people

Articial Intelligence

Index Report 2022

United States, with California having over 2.35 times the number of postings as Texas, the second greatest.

• The private investment in AI in 2021 totaled around $93.5 billion—more than double the total private

investment in 2020, while the number of newly funded AI companies continues to drop, from 1051 companies in

million or more; in 2021, there were 15.

2.6 times the investment in 2020, followed by “medical and healthcare” and “ntech.”

• In 2021, the United States led the world in both total private investment in AI and the number of newly funded AI

CHAPTER 5: AI POLICY AND GOVERNANCE

Kingdom, and the United States passed the highest number of AI-related bills in 2021, with each adopting three.

that relate to AI from 2015 to 2021, while the number of bills passed remains low, with only 2% ultimately

becoming law.

• State legislators in the United States passed 1 out of every 50 proposed bills that contain AI provisions in 2021,

while the number of such bills proposed grew from 2 in 2012 to 131 in 2021.