Telecommun Syst
DOI 10.1007/s11235-015-9979-7
A survey on position-based routing for vehicular ad hoc networks
Jianqi Liu · Jiafu Wan · Qinruo Wang · Pan Deng ·
Keliang Zhou · Yupeng Qiao
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract Position-based routing is considered to be a very
promising routing strategy for communication within vehic-
ular ad hoc networks (VANETs), due to the fact that vehicular
nodes can obtain position information from onboard global
positioning system receivers and acquire global road lay-
out information from an onboard digital map. Position-based
routing protocols, which are based mostly on greedy forward-
ing, are well-suited to the highly dynamic and rapid-changing
network topology of VANETs. In this paper, we outline t he
background and the latest development in VANETs and sur-
vey the state-of-the-art routing protocols previously used in
J. Liu
School of Information Engineering, Guangdong Mechanical and
Electrical College, Guangzhou, China
e-mail: liujianqi@ieee.org
J. Wan (
B
)
School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China
University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
e-mail: jiafuwan_76@163.com
Q. Wang
Faculty of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology,
Guangzhou, China
e-mail: wangqr2006@gdut.edu.cn
P. Deng
Parallel Computing Laboratory, Institute of Software of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
e-mail: dengpan@iscas.ac.cn
K. Zhou
College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Jiangxi
University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, China
e-mail: nyzkl@sina.com
Y. Q i ao
College of Automation Science and Engineering, South China
University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
e-mail: ypqiao@scut.edu.cn
VANETs. We present the pros and cons for each routing
protocol, and make a detailed comparison. We also discuss
open issues, challenges and future research directions. It is
observed t hat a hybrid routing protocol is the best choice for
VANETs in both urban and highway environments.
Keywords VANET · Position-based routing · Forwarding
strategy · Intelligent transportation systems · Internet of
vehicle
1 Introduction
The number of vehicles on the roads has been rising signifi-
cantly, leading to dramatic increases in traffic-related issues
such as accidents and congestion. Six million car accidents
and a combined cost of accidents and congestion totaling
$232 billion are reported annually in the United States. In
China, more than 100 thousand people have died in traf-
fic accidents every year and this number is increasing each
year. More than 57 % of accidents can be directly or indi-
rectly attributed to human errors such as inattention, lack of
cooperation, and poor decisions. Accident alarm information
can be used effectively to prevent collisions if there exists a
reliable and quick method to transmit this type of message
between vehicles or between vehicles and infrastructure [1].
Therefore, connecting vehicles wirelessly before the onset of
collisions and congestion is critical.
Vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs) are types of mobile
ad hoc networks which are used to provide communica-
tions vehicle to vehicle (V2V) or vehicle to infrastructure
(V2I). VANETs support a myriad of applications related to
vehicles, vehicle traffic, drivers, passengers and pedestrians
ranging from traffic safety to infotainment. VANETs are a
core element of next generation intelligent transportation
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