基于改进EMD编码预测单元分区模式的高效视频隐藏算法及其应用研究资源-CSDN文库

信息隐藏

视频编码标准

16 浏览量 2025-01-05 11:11:53 上传评论收藏 2.03MB PDF 举报

资源推荐

资源详情

资源评论

RES E AR C H Open Access

Steganography algorithm based on

modified EMD-coded PU partition modes

for HEVC videos

Zhenzhen Zhang

, Zhaohong Li

, Jindou Liu

, Huanma Yan

and Lifang Yu

* Correspondence: zhhli2@bjtu.edu.

School of Electronic and

Information Engineering, Beijing

JiaoTong University, Beijing 10004 4,

China

Full list of author information is

available at the end of the article

Abstract

As High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is a worldwide popular video coding standard,

the steganography of HEVC videos has gained more and more attention. Prediction

unit (PU) is one of the most important innovative modules of HEVC; thus, PU partition

mode-based steganography is becoming a novel branch of HEVC steganography.

However, the embedding capacity of this kind of steganography is limited by the types

of PU partition modes. To solve the problem, modified exploiting modification

direction (EMD)-coded PU partition mode-based steganography is proposed in this

paper, which can hide a secret digit in a (2

n + x

− 1)-ary notational system in a pair of PU

partition modes and thus enlarging the capacity. Furthermore, two mapping patterns

for PU partition modes are analyzed, and the one that performs the better is selected

as the final mapping pattern. Firstly, 8 × 8- and 16 × 16-sized PU partition modes are

recorded according to the optimal mapping pattern in the video encoding process.

Then, PU partition modes are modified by using the proposed method to satisfy the

requirement of secret information. Finally, the stego video can be obtained by re-

encoding the video with the modified PU partition modes. Experimental results show

that the embedding capacity can be significantly enlarged, and compared with the

state-of-the-art work, the proposed method has much larger capacity while keeping

high visual quality.

Keywords: Steganography, PU partition mode, Modified EMD, High Efficiency Video

Coding (HEVC)

1 Introduction

Steganography is a hot research issue in the field of information security. It can imper-

ceptibly conceal secret information in the carrier such as texts, images, and videos and

has extensive applications in copyright prote ction, identity authentication, covert com-

munication, and so on. Among the various branches of steganography technique, video

steganography has attracted more and more attention because video is one of the most

widely used digital media and has larger capacity for data embedding compared with

other carriers such as texts and audios.

Video steganography is closely linked to video coding standard. High Efficiency

Video Coding (HEVC) is the latest video coding standard possessing the best

permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the

original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or

other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit

line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by

statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain per mission directly from the copyright holder. To view a

copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

EURASIP Journal on Image

and Video Processing

Zhang et al. EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing (2021) 2021:7

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13640-021-00547-5

compression efficiency compared with its predecessors such as H.264. HEVC is specif-

ically designed for the increasingly popular high-definition and ultra-high-definition

videos [1]. At present, a number of enterprises including Apple and Microsoft have de-

signed products supporting HEVC standard. Therefore, it is worthwhile to develop

steganography schemes for HEVC videos.

Modifying DCT/DST coefficients is one common approach to hide data in com-

pressed HEVC videos. Chang et al. [2] classified the blocks in intra-coded frames into 5

categories. Different perturbation patterns were introduced to the luma blocks of each

category to avoid intra-frame distortion drift. Similar ideas were taken by Liu et al. to

embed data in 4× 4 DCT blocks [3] and 4× 4 DST block s [4] of selected fram es. Ref.

[2–4] were selection-based intra drift free methods. Arige et al. [5] designed the first

cancelation-based intra drift free method for HEVC videos which was more general

than Ref. [2–4]. Besides 4 × 4 blocks, 8 × 8 blocks, and 16 × 16 blocks which satisfy cer-

tain coarseness conditions were also employed as carriers in Ref. [6], which made its

embedding capacity enlarged.

Intra-prediction mode (IPM)-based steganography is also a hot topic for HEVC vid-

eos. Wang et al. [7] proposed an IPM-based stegography method by introducing (4, 3)

standard array decoding table. The method achieved satisfying embedding capacity

while modifying IPMs as few as possible. After that, the authors designed a new map-

ping table between the angle differences of IPMs and secret information to embed data

[8]. The study in [9] explored diamond coding to increase the embedding capacity and

could conceal 2–3 bits data by modifying 2 IPMs at most. Wang et al. [10] summarized

the existing IPM-based steganography methods and proposed a cover selecting rule by

analyzing the probability distribution of 4 × 4 IPMs.

Besides DCT/DST coefficients and IPM, motion vector and quantization parameter

(QP) are another two popular carriers to hide secret information. Van et al. [11 ] pro-

posed a low complexity steganography method by modifying the motion vector differ-

ences and DCT coefficients selected from the frames classified by the inter-prediction

dependencies between them. An efficient steganography method based on motion vec-

tor space encoding was presented in [12]. Since not every CTU could be used as car-

rier, the capacity of the method was limited. In the aspect of QP based steganography

methods, Zuo et al. [13] combined the just noticeable coding distortion model and

exploiting modification direction method to modify the optimal QP values for each

coding unit (CU) and embed secret information.

The aforementioned HEVC steganography methods are based on the traditional car-

riers that are the same with previous video coding standards such as MPEG-4 and

H.264. However, HEVC has developed some innovative technologies including flexible

quatree partition architecture (CU, PU, and transform unit (TU)) and sample adaptive

offset. The innovative technologies also offer abunda nt carrie rs to embed secret infor-

mation, thus they opened up a new research field for HEVC steganography.

Shanableh [14] utilized the flags indicating the partition of 16 × 16 sub-CUs as car-

riers to embed data, where up to an average payload of 32.6K bit/s can be achieved.

Tew et al. [15] divided the prediction block (PB) into two categories. One indicated “0”

and the other indicated “1.” Data were hidden by mod ifying the partition mode of PBs.

Inspired by Ref. [15], Xie et al. [16] classified the PU partition mode into 3 categories

except for “N × N”and “

2N ×2N” mode, which enl arged the embedding capacity. By

Zhang et al. EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing (2021) 2021:7 Page 2 of 20

modifying Ref. [16], a multi-level steganography method was designed in Ref. [17],

where the embedding capacity can be adjusted according to the actual requirement.

Exploiting modification direction (EMD) was applied to PU partition mode in Ref. [18]

to further enlarge the embedding capaci ty. These PU partitioning mode based stega-

nography methods have achieved excellent visual quality, but their capacities are rela-

tively low for the limited number of CUs. Even the method of [18], which has

improved the capacity a lot compared with [15–17], still required three consecutive

CUs to form a group to hide a digit in 7-ary notational system. Stimu lated by this, we

adopt a modified EMD coding method [19] which only required two elements in each

group to pre-code PU partition modes. By modifying the characteristic value function

and designing a new codebook, a high-performance HEVC video steganography is pro-

posed in this paper.

CUs with differen t sizes own different PU partition modes, which have an impact on

embedding capacity; thus, we investigate the variety of PU partition modes for different

sized CUs and select CUs with sizes of 16 × 16 and 8 × 8 to hide information. Further-

more, it is essential to map PU partition modes into integers for PU partition modes

based steganography, and two mapping patterns are discussed in this paper. After that,

PU partition modes of 16 × 16-sized CUs and 8 × 8-sized CUs are forced to be altered

according to the modified EMD rules to embed secret data. The experimental results

show that the proposed method has much larger capacity than the state-of-the-art

works while keeping high visua l quality.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. CU and PU partition modes in HEVC

are demonstrated in Section 2. Section 3 discusses the modified EMD method for PU

partition modes and the designed mapping patterns. Detailed description of the pro-

posed steganography method is also presented in Section 3. Experimental results are il-

lustrated in Section 4, and Section 5 summarizes the paper.

2 Background of CU and PU partition modes in HEVC

HEVC was jointly released by ITU-T [20] and ISO/IEC [21] and has brought in various

new techniques to increase compression efficiency. One of the key techniques is the

introduction of quadtree partition structure. In the quadtree partition structure, CU,

PU, and TU are introduced. CU is the basic coding unit, and PU and TU are the basic

units for intra/inter prediction and transform/quantization, respectively.

In encoding process, an image is firstly divided into non-overlapping coding tree unit

(CTU) whose size is set by the user with 64 × 64 as default. Then each CTU is recur-

sively divided into square shapes in a quadtree structure. Every leaf node of a CTU is

called a CU which is the basic coding unit in HEVC. There are 4 allowed types of CUs:

64 × 64, 32 × 32, 16 × 16, and 8 × 8. As shown in Fig. 1 b, the quadtre e structure of the

left top CTU surrounded by red square in Fig. 1a is displayed. In Fig. 1a, the white lines

indicate the boundary of CUs, and the digit denote s the coding order of each CU. We

can see that the quadtree partition of CTU is closely related to the image texture. In

the region with simple texture such as the tree trunk in Fig. 1a, larger-sized CUs are

adopted. While in the region with complex texture such as the border between the tree

trunk and the road, more detailed CUs are adopted.

When performing CTU quadtree tree partition, PU partition mode is determined for

each CU in the traversal way according to the rate distortion function. PU partition

Zhang et al. EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing (2021) 2021:7 Page 3 of 20

剩余19页未读，继续阅读

评论收藏

内容反馈

码流怪侠

粉丝: 2w+
资源: 557

基于改进EMD编码预测单元分区模式的高效视频隐藏算法及其应用研究

基于改进EMD算法和BP神经网络的SST预测研究.pdf

基于matlAB 实现EMD算法

NEWBAOLUO3.rar_EMD代码_emd改进_改进 EMD_改进emd的代码_改进的EMD

基于FPGA的EMD算法实现方法的研究.pdf

论文研究-基于改进EMD的语音增强方法研究 .pdf

基于改进EMD的运动想象脑电信号识别算法研究

基于matlab的EMD算法实现代码

基于EMD和破环的ACE改进算法

EMD 算法研究论文

基于emd算法的实现算法.rar

论文研究-基于EMD与神经网络的中国股票市场预测.pdf

基于EMD-ARMA算法的风光出力组合预测方法：EMD经验模态分解与自回归移动平均模型的结合应用,基于EMD-ARMA的组合风光出力预测方法 利用emd经验模态分解将原始发电数据分解为多个本征模态函数

EMD的算法原理及实现

【预测模型】基于emd-lstm实现风速数据预测matlab源码.zip

EMD_EMD_

基于合并模式和运动估计的快速编码单元编码方案以优化HEVC视频编码器的计算复杂度

CEEMDAN算法，EEMD和EMD的进一步改进算法

毕业论文设计 Python 实现EMD-iCHOA+GRU基于经验模态分解-改进黑猩猩算法优化门控循环单元的时间序列预测（含完整的程序，GUI设计和代码详解）

基于经验模态分解（EMD）与门控循环单元（GRU）结合的时间序列预测模型研究,（Matlab）EMD-GRU、GRU时间序列预测对比 基于EMD-GRU的时间序列预测模型，提高功率预测精度，提出一种经

基于matlab的EMD算法.zip

微软HEVC视频扩展插件（免费）

落雪音乐-六音音源 sixyin-music-source-v1.1.0.js

VP9视频扩展 Microsoft.VP9VideoExtensions-1.0.52781.0-x64

最新资源

基于EMD-ARMA算法的风光出力组合预测方法：EMD经验模态分解与自回归移动平均模型的结合应用,基于EMD-ARMA的组合风光出力预测方法利用emd经验模态分解将原始发电数据分解为多个本征模态函数

基于经验模态分解（EMD）与门控循环单元（GRU）结合的时间序列预测模型研究,（Matlab）EMD-GRU、GRU时间序列预测对比基于EMD-GRU的时间序列预测模型，提高功率预测精度，提出一种经