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五轮书-英文版
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A Book of Five Rings
(Go Rin No Sho)
Written by Miyamoto Musashi
Translated by Victor Harris
All translator notes included
● Translator's Introduction
● Introduction
● The Ground Book
● The Water Book
● The Fire Book
● The Wind Book
● The Book of the Void
Copied without permission - all of you, go buy the book.
HTML © 1996 Bryan Fullerton
Samurai Consulting
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Japan during Musashi's lifetime
Miyamoto Musashi was born in 1584, in a Japan struggling to recover from more than four
centuries of internal strife. The traditional rule of the emperors had been overthrown in the twelfth
century, and although each successive emperor remained the figurehead of Japan, his powers were
very much reduced. Since that time, Japan had seen almost continuous civil war between the
provincial lords, warrior monks and brigands, all fighting each other for land and power. In the
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the lords, called daimyo, built huge stone castles to protect
themselves and their lords and castle towns outside the walls began to grow up. These wars
naturally restricted the growth of trade and impoverished the whole country.
In 1573, however, one man, Oda Nobunga, came to the fore in Japan. He became the Shogun, or
military dictator, and for nine years succeeded in gaining control of almost the whole of the country.
When Nobunga was assassinated in 1582, a commoner took over the government. Toyotomi
Hideyoshi continued the work of unifying Japan which Nobunaga had begun, ruthlessly putting
down any traces of insurrection. He revived the old gulf between the warriors of Japan - the samurai
- and the commoners by introducing restrictions on the wearing of swords. "Hideyoshi's sword-
hunt", as it was known, meant that only samurai were allowed to wear two swords, the short one
which everyone could wear and the long one which distinguished the samurai from the rest of the
population.
Although Hideyoshi did much to settle Japan and increase trade with the outside world, by the time
of his death in 1598 internal disturbances still had not been completely eliminated. The real isolation
and unification of Japan began with the inauguration of the great Tokugawa rule. In 1603 Tokugawa
Ieyasu, a former associate of both Hideyoshi and Nobunaga, formally became Shogun of Japan,
after defeating Hideyoshi's son Hideyori at the battle of Seki ga Hara.
Ieyasu established his government at Edo, present-day Tokyo, where he had a huge castle. His was a
stable, peaceful government beginning a period of Japanese history which was to last until the
Imperial Restoration of 1868, for although Ieyasu himself died in 1616 members of his family
succeeded each other and the title Shogun became virtually an hereditary one for the Tokugawas.
Ieyasu was determined to ensure his and his family's dictatorship. To this end, he paid lip-service to
the emperor in Kyoto, who remained the titular head of Japan, while curtailing his duties and
involvement in the government. The real threat to Ieyasu's position could only come from the lords,
and he effectively decreased their opportunities for revolt by devising schemes whereby all lords
had to live in Edo for alternate years and by placing great restrictions on travelling. He allotted land
in exchange for oaths of allegiance, and gave the provincial castles around Edo to members of his
own family. He also employed a network of secret police and assassins.
![](https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/6992099/bg4.jpg)
The Tokugawa period marks a great change in the social history of Japan. The bureaucracy of the
Tokugawas was all-pervading. Not only were education, law, government and class controlled, be
even the costume and behavior of each class. The traditional class consciousness of Japan hardened
into a rigid class structure. There were basically four classes of person: samurai, farmers, artisans
and merchants. The samurai were the highest - in esteem if not in wealth - and included the lords,
senior government officials, warriors, and minor officials and foot soldiers. Next in the hierarchy
came the farmers, not because they were well thought of but because they provided the essential rice
crops. Their lot was a rather unhappy one, as they were forced to give most of their crops to the
lords and were not allowed to leave their farms. Then came the artisans and craftsmen, and last of
all the merchants, who, though looked down upon, eventually rose to prominence because of the
vast wealth they accumulated. Few people were outside this rigid hierarchy.
Musashi belonged to the samurai class. We find the origins of the samurai class in the Kondei
("Stalwart Youth") system established in 792 AD, whereby the Japanese army - which had until
then constituted mainly of spear-wielding foot soldiers - was revived by stiffening the ranks with
permanent training officers recruited from among the young sons of the high families. These
officers were mounted, wore armour, and used the bow and sword. In 782 the emperor Kammu
started building Kyoto, and in Kyoto he built a training hall which exists to this day called the
Butokuden, meaning "Hall of the virtues of war". Within a few years of this revival the fierce Ainu,
the aboriginal inhabitants of Japan who had until then confounded the army's attempts to move them
from their wild lodgings, were driven far off to the northern island, Hokkaido.
When the great provincial armies were gradually disbanded under Hideyoshi and Ieyasu, many out-
of-work samurai roamed the country redundant in an era of peace. Musashi was one such samurai, a
"ronin" or "wave man". There were still samurai retainers to the Tokugawas and provincial lords,
but their numbers were few. The hordes of redundant samurai found themselves living in a society
which was completely based on the old chivalry, but at the same time they were apart from a society
in which there was no place for men at arms. They became an inverted class, keeping the old
chivalry alive by devotion to military arts with the fervour only the Japanese possess. This was the
time of the flowering of Kendo.
Kendo, the Way of the sword, had always been synonymous with nobility in Japan. Since the
founding of the samurai class in the eighth century, the military arts had become the highest form of
study, inspired by the teachings of Zen and the feeling of Shinto. Schools of Kendo born in the early
Muromachi period - approximately 1390 to 1600 - were continued through the upheavals of the
formation of the peaceful Tokugawa Shogunate, and survive to this day. The education of the sons
of the Tokugawa Shoguns was by means of schooling in the Chinese classics and fencing exercises.
Where a Westerner might say "The pen is mightier than the sword", the Japanese would say "Bunbu
Ichi", or "Pen ans sword in accord". Today, prominent businessmen and political figures in Japan
still practise the old traditions of the Kendo schools, preserving the forms of several hundred years
ago.
![](https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/6992099/bg5.jpg)
To sum up, Musashi was a ronin at the time when the samurai were formally considered to be the
elite, but actually had no means of livelihood unless they owned lands and castles. Many ronin put
up their swords and became artisans, but others, like Musashi, persued the ideal of the warrior
searching for enlightenment through the perilous paths of Kendo. Duels of revenge and tests of skill
were commonplace, and fencing schools multiplied. Two schools expecially, the Itto school and the
Yagyu school, were sponsored by the Tokugawas. The Itto school provided an unbroken line of
Kendo teachers, and the Yagyu school eventually became the secret police of the Tokugawa
bureaucracy.
Next section: Kendo
Copied without permission - all of you, go buy the book.
HTML © 1996 Bryan Fullerton
Samurai Consulting
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