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PPR986 公交车安全标准:防滑(英)TRL 2022.pdf
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PPR986 公交车安全标准:防滑(英)TRL 2022.pdf
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1
PUBLISHED PROJECT REPORT
PPR986
The Transport for London Bus Safety
Standard: Slip Protection
Evaluation of Safety Measure
Peter Sanders, Alix Edwards, Mervyn Edwards,
Joanna Slicner, Phil Martin, Mike McCarthy
Version 1.1 iii PPR986
Report details
Report prepared for:
Transport for London (TfL)
Project/customer reference:
tfl_scp_001593
Copyright:
© TRL Limited
Report date:
30/07/2022
Report status/version:
1.1
Quality approval:
Anna George
(Project Manager)
Mike McCarthy
(Technical Reviewer)
Disclaimer
This report has been produced by TRL Limited (TRL) under a contract with Transport
for London (TfL). Any views expressed in this report are not necessarily those of
Transport for London (TfL).
The information contained herein is the property of TRL Limited and does not
necessarily reflect the views or policies of the customer for whom this report was
prepared. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the matter presented in
this report is relevant, accurate and up-to-date, TRL Limited cannot accept any liability
for any error or omission, or reliance on part or all of the content in another context.
When purchased in hard copy, this publication is printed on paper that is FSC (Forest
Stewardship Council) and TCF (Totally Chlorine Free) registered.
Contents amendment record
This report has been amended and issued as follows:
Version
Date
Description
Editor
Technical
Reviewer
1.1
30/07/2022
Corrections to Table 2-1
Added reference to TfL for latest specification in
the executive summary and recommendations
AE
PSM & DH
i
Executive Summary
Bus Safety Standard (BSS)
The Mayor of London’s Transport Strategy sets out a commitment to vision zero: no
deaths or serious injuries from any collisions on the roads of the capital by 2041, and
no fatalities involving a London bus by 2030. The BSS is focussed on the contribution
that vehicle safety features can make towards these challenging targets.
To develop the standard a large body of research and technical input was needed, so
Transport for London (TfL) commissioned TRL (the Transport Research Laboratory)
to deliver the research and consult with the bus industry. The delivery team has
included a mix of engineers and human factors experts, to provide the balance of
research required.
All TfL buses conform to regulatory requirements. TfL already uses a more demanding
specification when contracting services and this requires higher standards in areas
including environmental and noise emissions, accessibility, construction, operational
requirements, and more. Many safety aspects are covered in the specification such as
fire suppression systems, door and fittings safety, handrails, day time running lights,
and others. However, the new BSS goes further with a range of additional
requirements, developed by TRL and their partners and peer-reviewed by independent
safety experts. Accompanying the specification there are guidance notes to help
inform the bus operators and manufacturers of what the specification is aiming to
achieve and some practical tips on how to meet the requirements.
For each safety measure considered, a thorough review was completed covering the
current regulations and standards, the specification of the current bus fleet and
available solutions.
Full-scale trials and testing were also carried out with the following objectives. Firstly,
the tests were used to evaluate the solutions in a realistic environment to ensure that
a safety improvement was feasible. Secondly, the testing was used to inform the
development of objective test and assessment protocols. These protocols will allow
repeatable testing according to precise instructions so that the results are comparable.
The assessment protocol provides instructions for how to interpret the test data for a
bus or system, which can be a simple pass/fail check, or something more complex
intended to encourage best practice levels of performance. These assessment
protocols will allow TfL to judge how well each bus performs against the BSS, and will
allow a fair comparison in terms of safety if they have a choice between models for a
given route.
It is important to ensure the money is spent wisely on the package of measures that
will give the most cost-effective result. If zero fatalities can be achieved at a low cost
it remains better than achieving it at a higher cost. TRL has developed a cost-benefit
model describing the value of implementing the safety measures, both in terms of
casualties saved and the technology and operational costs of achieving that. Input
from the bus industry has formed the backbone of all the research and the cost benefit
modelling. This modelling has helped inform the decisions of TfL’s bus safety
development team in terms of implementing the safety measures on new buses.
This research was completed in 2018. The detailed specification, assessment
procedures and guidance notes have been incorporated into the Transport for London
i
specification for buses, which is a continuously updated document to keep pace with
the latest technological and research developments. This report is not the specification
for a bus and should not be used as such. Bus operators, manufacturers, and their
supply chain should consult with TfL for the specification.
Slip Protection
Slips on buses are also a cause of injury for bus passengers. Numerous measurement
techniques and characterisation standards are available globally to help assess the
performance of bus flooring in protecting against slips. In the UK the Portable Slip
Resistance Tester (PSRT) is recognised by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) as
the most appropriate device for the characterisation of the slip potential of pedestrian
flooring materials. The test method involves using the PSRT pendulum device with a
swinging shoe plate; the greater the resistance, the less the shoe plate moves after it
hits the floor.
Three bus types were assessed using the PSRT on an existing in service bus, in
different areas of the bus flooring incuding the entrance and aisle, lower and upper
decks. Some small modifications to the standard measuring procedure were made in
order to adapt to measuring onboard buses. This full scale assessment of bus flooring
materials exercise demonstrated that the derived technique is capable of
characterising the skid resistance performance of a variety of bus flooring materials in
situ. Laboratory testing demonstrated that the skid resistance characterisation of these
materials is also possible under laboratory conditions.
The full scale and laboratory assessment of bus flooring materials has shown that
some flooring materials require a wearing-in process before they are able to achieve
their full slip resistant capabilities. In consultation with material manufacturers it has
become apparent that it is unlikely that some materials will be able to meet a PTV
when new of greater than 36. However, given that this is the threshold for low slip risk
as presented by the UK Slip Resistance Group (UKSRG) it has been deemed prudent
that this level should represent a minimum requirement for bus floorings. It should
therefore be specified that all materials should meet a requirement of 36 PTV from the
point of entering service.
In consultation with material suppliers it is also evident that the slip resistance of
flooring can change during use. This is based on factors such as measurement
variability, initial wearing in period, maintenance and user perception, and other
considerations raised by the manufacturers. With all of these factors in mind, it is
considered appropriate that after 100,000 passengers have accessed the vehicle, or
after an in-service period of 6 months, whichever is sooner, the PTV of bus flooring
materials should be at least 40 PTV.
It is anticipated that implementation of this specification will help to reduce slips on
board buses as passengers move around the bus.
ii
Version 1.1 iii PPR986
Table of Contents
Executive Summary ii
Bus Safety Standard (BSS) ii
Slip Protection iii
1 Introduction to the Bus Safety Standard (BSS) 1
1.1 The BSS 1
1.2 Bus Safety Measures 2
1.3 Slip Protection 3
2 Defining the problem 5
2.1 Casualty priorities for TfL 5
2.2 Overview of Slips, Trips and Falls 8
2.3 Bus safety performance in London 9
2.4 Summary of the slips casualty problem 11
3 Existing test procedures and standards for the characterisation of flooring
slip resistance 12
3.1 Slip resistance measurement devices 12
3.2 Existing standards for the assessment of slip resistance 15
3.3 Summary of slip resistance standards 18
4 Bus flooring materials 19
4.1 Company A 19
4.2 Company B 19
4.3 Company C 20
4.4 Company D 20
4.5 Company E 20
4.6 Summary of bus flooring materials 21
5 Development of a testing protocol for the BSS 22
5.1 The use of a roughness meter to provide supplementary information
22
5.2 Resilience, temperature and friction 23
5.3 Conducting the test, characterisation of dry slip resistance 24
5.4 Conducting the test, calculating the average PTV 24
5.5 Slip potential characterisation 24
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