非谓语动词是英语语法中的重要组成部分,尤其在高中英语学习中,它是考试的必考点。非谓语动词不作为句子的主要谓语,而是担任其他语法功能,包括动词不定式(to do)、动词-ing形式(v-ing)和动词-ed分词(v-ed)。下面将详细阐述这些知识点。
动词不定式(the infinitive)在句子中可以担当多种角色,包括:
1. 定语:修饰名词,如"He seemed to be sleeping."中"to be sleeping"修饰"he"。
2. 表语:表达主语的状态或性质,如"It is of great benefit to do morning exercises every day."中"to do morning exercises"是表语。
3. 真正宾语:置于某些动词之后,如"I'd like to make a suggestion."中"to make a suggestion"是真正宾语。
4. 真正主语:置于"it"之后,如"It is a duty to help the disabled."中"to help the disabled"是真正主语。
5. 目的状语:表示动作的目的,如"She went to the store to buy groceries."中"to buy groceries"是目的。
6. 结果状语:表示结果,如"He worked hard to pass the exam."中"to pass the exam"是结果。
7. 原因状语:表示原因,如"I was late because I overslept."中"to oversleep"是原因。
动词不定式的形式包括:
1. 主动式:to do
2. 被动式:to be done
3. 完成式:to have done
4. 进行式:to be doing
5. 完成进行式:to have been doing
在特定动词后,如should like, would like, expect, want, refuse, decide, pretend, promise, decide, offer等,需使用不定式作宾语,而不能用动名词。
在使役动词make, let, have以及感官动词hear, see, watch等后,不定式通常省略to,但若这些动词用于被动语态,不定式前则需加上to。
当不定式逻辑主语是动作的承受者时,不定式常采用被动形式,如:"He was seen to enter the room."
形容词后作状语的不定式通常表示被动,即使其形式为主动,如"This book is easy to read."
不定式作定语的用法包括:
1. 表示将来:如"The building to be built next month will be our library."
2. 序数词或最高级后:如"She was the first woman to receive the award."
3. 抽象名词后:如"I have no reason to doubt him."
4. 作主语或宾语时,不定式通常放于句尾,用it作形式主语或形式宾语,如"It is necessary to learn a second language."
动词-ing形式(v-ing)也有多种用法:
1. 主语:如"Swimming is good for health."
2. 宾语:如"I enjoy listening to music."
3. 定语:修饰名词,如"The girl dancing on the stage is my sister."
4. 状语:表示伴随、原因、条件等,如"He left the room, smiling."
动词-ed分词(v-ed)常作定语、表语、宾补,表达被动态或过去状态,如"The broken vase lay on the floor."
理解并掌握非谓语动词的各种形式和用法对于提升高中英语水平至关重要,它能帮助学生更准确地表达思想,并在考试中取得优异成绩。