TM-19 _________________________________________________________________________ InSAR Principles
iv
2.1 Introduction................................................................................B-11
2.2 Generation of synthetic fringes..................................................B-12
2.3 Co-registering ............................................................................B-13
2.3.1 Co-registering coefficients............................................B-14
2.3.2 Co-registering parameter estimation.............................B-16
2.3.3 Implementation of resampling ......................................B-17
2.4 Master and slave oversampling..................................................B-17
2.5 Range spectral shift & azimuth common bandwidth filtering ...B-18
2.5.1 Range spectral shift filtering.........................................B-18
2.5.2 Azimuth common band filtering...................................B-20
2.6 Interferogram computation ........................................................B-22
2.6.1 Complex multi-looking.................................................B-24
2.6.2 Generation of coherence maps......................................B-26
2.7 Applications of coherence ........................................................B-27
2.8 Interferogram geocoding & mosaicking....................................B-29
3. InSAR DEM reconstruction .............................................................B-31
3.1 Introduction................................................................................B-31
3.2 Processing chain and data selection...........................................B-31
3.3 Phase unwrapping techniques for InSAR DEM reconstruction.B-33
3.3.1 What are we looking for?..............................................B-34
3.3.2 Case p=2, Unweighted Least Mean Squares method ...B-37
3.3.3 Case p=2, Weighted Least Mean Squares method .......B-38
3.3.4 Case p=1, Minimum Cost Flow method.......................B-38
3.3.5 Case p=0, Branch-Cut and other minimum L
0
methods.........................................................................B-39
3.3.6 Outlook .........................................................................B-41
3.4 From phase to elevation.............................................................B-42
3.4.1 Polynomial approximation of satellite orbits, point
localisation and data geocoding....................................B-42
3.4.2 Data resampling ............................................................B-45
3.4.3 Impact of baseline errors on the estimated
topography ....................................................................B-45
3.4.4 Precise orbit determination ..........................................B-47
3.5 Error sources, multi-baseline strategies and data fusion............B-48
3.5.1 Multi-interferogram InSAR DEM reconstruction.........B-50
3.6 Combination of ascending and descending passes ....................B-53
3.7 Conclusions................................................................................B-55
4. Differential Inteferometry (DInSAR)................................................B-57
4.1 Examples of differential interferometry on land........................B-57
4.1.1 Physical changes ...........................................................B-57
4.1.2 Volcano: Okmok...........................................................B-57
4.1.3 Surface rupture: Superstition Hill .................................B-58
4.1.4 Subsidence: East Mesa..................................................B-60
4.2 Example of differential interferometry on ice ...........................B-62
4.3 Review of various criteria for data selection .............................B-63