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SPECIAL SECTION ON RECENT ADVANCES IN SOFTWARE DEFINED

NETWORKING FOR 5G NETWORKS

Received July 11, 2015, accepted July 22, 2015, date of publication July 28, 2015, date of current version August 7, 2015.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2461602

A Survey of 5G Network: Architecture and

Emerging Technologies

AKHIL GUPTA, (Student Member, IEEE), AND RAKESH KUMAR JHA, (Senior Member, IEEE)

School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra 182320, India

Corresponding author: A. Gupta (akhilgupta112001@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT In the near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to

be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service.

To meet these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper

presents the results of a detailed survey on the ﬁfth generation (5G) cellular network architecture and some

of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and meeting the demands of

users. In this detailed survey, the prime focus is on the 5G cellular network architecture, massive multiple

input multiple output technology, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Along with this, some of the

emerging technologies that are addressed in this paper include interference management, spectrum sharing

with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology association, full duplex radios,

millimeter wave solutions for 5G cellular networks, and cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks

and software deﬁned networks. In this paper, a general probable 5G cellular network architecture is proposed,

which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of

5G cellular network architecture. A detailed survey is included regarding current research projects being

conducted in different countries by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies.

INDEX TERMS 5G, cloud, D2D, massive MIMO, mm-wave, relay, small-cell.

I. INTRODUCTION

Today and in the recent future, to fulﬁll the presumptions

and challenges of the near future, the wireless based net-

works of today will have to advance in various ways. Recent

technology constituent like high-speed packet access (HSPA)

and long-term evolution (LTE) will be launched as a

segment of the advancement of current wireless based

technologies. Nevertheless, auxiliary components may also

constitute future new wireless based technologies, which

may adjunct the evolved technologies. Specimen of these

new technology components are different ways of accessing

spectrum and considerably higher frequency ranges, the

instigation of massive antenna conﬁgurations, direct device-

to-device communication, and ultra-dense deployments [1].

Since its initiation in the late 1970s, mobile wireless

communication has come across from analog voice calls to

current modern technologies adept of providing high qual-

ity mobile broadband services with end-user data rates of

several megabits per second over wide areas and tens, or

even hundreds, of megabits per second locally. The extensive

improvements in terms of potentiality of mobile communica-

tion networks, along with the initiation of new types of mobile

devices such as smart phones and tablets, have produced an

eruption of new applications which will be used in cases for

mobile connectivity and a resultant exponential growth in

network trafﬁc. This paper presents our view on the future of

wireless communication for 2020 and beyond. In this paper,

we describe the key challenges that will be encountered by

future wireless communication while enabling the networked

society. Along with this, some technology routes that may be

taken to fulﬁll these challenges [1].

The imagination of our future is a networked society with

unbounded access to information and sharing of data which

is accessible everywhere and every time for everyone and

everything. To realize this imagination, new technology com-

ponents need to be examined for the evolution of existing

wireless based technologies. Present wireless based tech-

nologies, like the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)

LTE technology, HSPA and Wi-Fi, will be incorporating new

technology components that will be helping to meet the needs

of the future. Nevertheless, there may be certain scenarios that

cannot be adequately addressed along with the evolution of

ongoing existing technologies. The instigation of completely

new wireless based technologies will complement the current

technologies which are needed for the long term realization

of the networked society [2].

1206

2169-3536  2015 IEEE. Translations and content mining are permitted for academic research only.

Personal use is also permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.

See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

VOLUME 3, 2015

A. Gupta, R. K. Jha: Survey of 5G Network: Architecture and Emerging Technologies

The remainder of the paper is organized as follows:

In Section II, we present the evolution of wireless

technologies. Section III gives the detailed description of

the proposed general 5G cellular network architecture.

Section IV comprises of the detailed explanation of the

emerging technologies for 5G wireless networks. We con-

clude our paper in Section V. A list of current research

projects based on 5G technologies is shown in the appendix.

II. EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES

G. Marconi, an Italian inventor, unlocks the path of

recent day wireless communications by communicating the

letter ‘S’ along a distance of 3Km in the form of three dot

Morse code with the help of electromagnetic waves. After

this inception, wireless communications have become an

important part of present day society. Since satellite com-

munication, television and radio transmission has advanced

to pervasive mobile telephone, wireless communications has

transformed the style in which society runs. The evolution

of wireless begins here [2] and is shown in Fig. 1. It shows

the evolving generations of wireless technologies in terms of

data rate, mobility, coverage and spectral efﬁciency. As the

wireless technologies are growing, the data rate, mobility,

coverage and spectral efﬁciency increases. It also shows

that the 1G and 2G technologies use circuit switching while

2.5G and 3G uses both circuit and packet switching and

the next generations from 3.5G to now i.e. 5G are using

packet switching. Along with these factors, it also differ-

entiate between licensed spectrum and unlicensed spectrum.

All the evolving generations use the licensed spectrum while

the WiFi, Bluetooth and WiMAX are using the unlicensed

spectrum. An overview about the evolving wireless

technologies is below:

FIGURE 1. Evolution of wireless technologies.

A. 1G

The 1st generation was announced in initial 1980’s.

It has a data rate up to 2.4kbps. Major subscribers were

Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), Nordic Mobile

Telephone (NMT), and Total Access Communication

System (TACS). It has a lot of disadvantages like below

par capacity, reckless handoff, inferior voice associations,

and with no security, since voice calls were stored and played

in radio towers due to which vulnerability of these calls from

unwanted eavesdropping by third party increases [7].

B. 2G

The 2nd generation was introduced in late 1990’s.

Digital technology is used in 2

generation mobile tele-

phones. Global Systems for Mobile communications (GSM)

was the ﬁrst 2

generation system, chieﬂy used for voice

communication and having a data rate up to 64kbps.

2G mobile handset battery lasts longer because of the radio

signals having low power. It also provides services like Short

Message Service (SMS) and e-mail. Vital eminent technolo-

gies were GSM, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA),

and IS-95 [3], [7].

C. 2.5G

It generally subscribes a 2

generation cellular system

merged with General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) and

other amenities doesn’t commonly endow in 2G or 1G

networks. A 2.5G system generally uses 2G system

frameworks, but it applies packet switching along with

circuit switching. It can assist data rate up to 144kbps. The

main 2.5G technologies were GPRS, Enhanced Data Rate

for GSM Evolution (EDGE), and Code Division Multiple

Access (CDMA) 2000 [3], [7].

D. 3G

The 3

generation was established in late 2000. It imparts

transmission rate up to 2Mbps. Third generation (3G)

systems merge high speed mobile access to services based

on Internet Protocol (IP). Aside from transmission rate,

unconventional improvement was made for maintaining QoS.

Additional amenities like global roaming and improved voice

quality made 3G as a remarkable generation. The major

disadvantage for 3G handsets is that, they require more

power than most 2G models. Along with this 3G network

plans are more expensive than 2G [3], [7]. Since

3G involves the introduction and utilization of Wideband

Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), Universal

Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTS) and Code

Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 2000 technologies, the

evolving technologies like High Speed Uplink/Downlink

Packet Access (HSUPA/HSDPA) and Evolution-Data

Optimized (EVDO) has made an intermediate wireless

generation between 3G and 4G named as 3.5G with improved

data rate of 5-30 Mbps [3].

E. 3.75G

Long-Term Evolution technology (LTE) and Fixed

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WIMAX)

is the future of mobile data services. LTE and Fixed WIMAX

has the potential to supplement the capacity of the network

and provides a substantial number of users the facility to

access a broad range of high speed services like on demand

video, peer to peer ﬁle sharing and composite Web services.

VOLUME 3, 2015 1207

A. Gupta, R. K. Jha: Survey of 5G Network: Architecture and Emerging Technologies

Along with this, a supplementary spectrum is accessible

which accredit operators manage their network very compli-

antly and offers better coverage with improved performance

for less cost [4]–[7].

F. 4G

4G is generally referred as the descendant of the 3G and 2G

standards. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)

is presently standardizing Long Term Evolution (LTE)

Advanced as forthcoming 4G standard along with Mobile

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WIMAX).

A 4G system improves the prevailing communication

networks by imparting a complete and reliable solution based

on IP. Amenities like voice, data and multimedia will be

imparted to subscribers on every time and everywhere basis

and at quite higher data rates as related to earlier generations.

Applications that are being made to use a 4G network are

Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), Digital Video

Broadcasting (DVB), and video chat, High Deﬁnition TV

content and mobile TV [2], [4]–[6].

G. 5G

With an exponential increase in the demand of the users,

4G will now be easily replaced with 5G with an

advanced access technology named Beam Division Multiple

Access (BDMA) and Non- and quasi-orthogonal or Filter

Bank multi carrier (FBMC) multiple access. The concept

behind BDMA technique is explained by considering the case

of the base station communicating with the mobile stations.

In this communication, an orthogonal beam is allocated to

each mobile station and BDMA technique will divide that

antenna beam according to locations of the mobile stations

for giving multiple accesses to the mobile stations, which

correspondingly increase the capacity of the system [8].

An idea to shift towards 5G is based on current drifts, it is

commonly assumed that 5G cellular networks must address

six challenges that are not effectively addressed by 4G i.e.

higher capacity, higher data rate, lower End to End latency,

massive device connectivity, reduced cost and consistent

Quality of Experience provisioning [22], [23]. These

challenges are concisely shown in Fig. 2 along with

some potential facilitators to address them. An overview

of the challenges, facilitators, and corresponding design

fundamentals for 5G is shown in Fig. 2 [20]. Recently

introduced IEEE 802.11ac, 802.11ad and 802.11af standards

are very helpful and act as a building blocks in the road

towards 5G [9]–[13]. The technical comparison between these

standards is shown in table 1 and the detailed comparison of

wireless generations is shown in table 2.

III. 5G CELLULAR NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

To contemplate 5G network in the market now, it is evident

that the multiple access techniques in the network are

almost at a still and requires sudden improvement. Current

technologies like OFDMA will work at least for next

50 years. Moreover, there is no need to have a change in

the wireless setup which had come about from 1G to 4G.

Alternatively, there could be only the addition of an appli-

cation or amelioration done at the fundamental network to

please user requirements. This will provoke the package

providers to drift for a 5G network as early as 4G is com-

mercially set up [8]. To meet the demands of the user and

to overcome the challenges that has been put forward in the

5G system, a drastic change in the strategy of designing

the 5G wireless cellular architecture is needed. A general

observation of the researchers has shown in [14] that most of

the wireless users stay inside for approximately 80 percent of

time and outside for approximately 20 percent of the time.

In present wireless cellular architecture, for a mobile user

to communicate whether inside or outside, an outside base

station present in the middle of a cell helps in communication.

So for inside users to communicate with the outside base

station, the signals will have to travel through the walls of

the indoors, and this will result in very high penetration loss,

which correspondingly costs with reduced spectral efﬁciency,

data rate, and energy efﬁciency of wireless communications.

To overcome this challenge, a new idea or designing tech-

nique that has come in to existence for scheming the

5G cellular architecture is to distinct outside and inside

setups [8]. With this designing technique, the penetration loss

through the walls of the building will be slightly reduced.

This idea will be supported with the help of massive MIMO

technology [15], in which geographically dispersed array

of antenna’s are deployed which have tens or hundreds of

antenna units. Since present MIMO systems are using either

two or four antennas, but the idea of massive MIMO systems

has come up with the idea of utilizing the advantages of large

array antenna elements in terms of huge capacity gains.

To build or construct a large massive MIMO network,

ﬁrstly the outside base stations will be ﬁtted with large

antenna arrays and among them some are dispersed around

the hexagonal cell and linked to the base station through

optical ﬁber cables, aided with massive MIMO technologies.

The mobile users present outside are usually ﬁtted with a

certain number of antenna units but with cooperation a large

virtual antenna array can be constructed, which together with

antenna arrays of base station form virtual massive MIMO

links. Secondly, every building will be installed with large

antenna arrays from outside, to communicate with outdoor

base stations with the help of line of sight components.

The wireless access points inside the building are connected

with the large antenna arrays through cables for communi-

cating with indoor users. This will signiﬁcantly improves

the energy efﬁciency, cell average throughput, data rate, and

spectral efﬁciency of the cellular system but at the expense

of increased infrastructure cost. With the introduction of

such an architecture, the inside users will only have to

connect or communicate with inside wireless access points

while larger antenna arrays remained installed outside the

buildings [8]. For indoor communication, certain technolo-

gies like WiFi, Small cell, ultra wideband, millimeter wave

communications [16], and visible light communications [17]

1208 VOLUME 3, 2015

A. Gupta, R. K. Jha: Survey of 5G Network: Architecture and Emerging Technologies

TABLE 1. Technical comparison between recent 802.11 standards.

will not inﬁltrate from dense materials efﬁciently and can

easily be dispersed by rain droplets, gases, and ﬂora. Though,

millimeter waves and visible light communications technolo-

gies can enhance the transmission data rate for indoor setups

because they have come up with large bandwidth. Along

with the introduction of new spectrum, which is not being

conventionally used for wireless communication, there is one

more method to solve the spectrum shortage problem by

improving the spectrum utilization of current radio spectra

through cognitive radio (CR) networks [18].

Since the 5G cellular architecture is heterogeneous, so it

must include macrocells, microcells, small cells, and relays.

A mobile small cell concept is an integral part of 5G wireless

cellular network and partially comprises of mobile relay and

small cell concepts [19]. It is being introduced to put up

high mobility users, which are inside the automobiles and

high speed trains. Mobile small cells are positioned inside the

moving automobiles to communicate with the users inside

the automobile, while the massive MIMO unit consisting

of large antenna arrays is placed outside the automobile to

communicate with the outside base station. According to

user’s opinion, a mobile small cell is realized as a regular

base station and its allied users are all observed as a single

unit to the base station which proves the above idea of

splitting indoor and outdoor setups. Mobile small cell

users [19] have a high data rate for data rate services with

considerably reduced signaling overhead, as shown in [8].

As the 5G wireless cellular network architecture consists

of only two logical layers: a radio network and a network

cloud. Different types of components performing different

functions are constituting the radio network. The network

function virtualization (NFV) cloud consists of a User plane

entity (UPE) and a Control plane entity (CPE) that per-

form higher layer functionalities related to the User and

Control plane, respectively. Special network functionality as

a service (XaaS) will provide service as per need, resource

pooling is one of the examples. XaaS is the connection

between a radio network and a network cloud [20].

The 5G cellular network architecture is explained

in [8] and [20]. It has equal importance in terms of front

end and backhaul network respectively. In this paper, a

general 5G cellular network architecture has been proposed

as shown in Fig. 3. It describes the interconnectivity

among the different emerging technologies like Massive

MIMO network, Cognitive Radio network, mobile and

static small-cell networks. This proposed architecture also

explains the role of network function virtualization (NFV)

cloud in the 5G cellular network architecture. The concept

of Device to Device (D2D) communication, small cell access

points and Internet of things (IoT) has also been incorporated

in this proposed 5G cellular network architecture. In general,

this proposed 5G cellular network architecture may provide

a good platform for future 5G standardization network.

But there are several issues that need to be addressed in

order to realize the wireless network architecture in partic-

ular, and 5G networks in general. Some of these issues are

summarized in Table. 3 [20].

IV. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR

5G WIRELESS NETWORKS

It is expected that mobile and wireless trafﬁc volume will

increase a thousand-fold over the next decade which will

be driven by the expected 50 billion connected devices con-

nected to the cloud by 2020 and all need to access and share

data, anywhere and anytime. With a rapid increase in the num-

ber of connected devices, some challenges appear which will

be responded by increasing capacity and by improving energy

efﬁciency, cost and spectrum utilization as well as providing

1210 VOLUME 3, 2015

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