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1553-877X (c) 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/COMST.2017.2652495, IEEE

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5G: Adaptable Networks Enabled by Versatile Radio

Access Technologies

Conor Sexton, Student Member, IEEE, Nicholas Kaminski, Member, IEEE,

Johann M. Marquez-Barja, Senior Member, IEEE, Nicola Marchetti, Senior Member, IEEE,

and Luiz A. DaSilva, Fellow, IEEE

Abstract—The requirements and key areas for 5G are gradually

becoming more apparent, and it is becoming clear that 5G will

need to be able to deal with increased levels of diversity in both

the requirements it must fulﬁl and the technologies that it uses

to fulﬁl them. The diverse and demanding requirements for 5G

necessitate a shift away from the rigid networks of previous

generations, towards a more versatile and adaptable network.

Essential to enabling this level of adaptability in 5G networks

will be the new radio access technologies that are employed.

In previous generations, the radio access network (RAN) was

comprised of technologies and techniques that were tailored

to satisfy the killer application of that era. In contrast, 5G

will require versatile solutions that can be adapted to satisfy

many different services and applications. The core network

will also undergo fundamental changes, with increased levels of

abstraction allowing for further reconﬁguration of the network.

The relationship between the RAN and core network will have a

key role to play in managing and enabling adaptable networks.

In this paper, we survey the choices and adaptability afforded

by some of the radio access technologies being considered for

5G and explore how several system-level techniques, such as

software-deﬁned networking and cloud-RAN, can be utilised to

enable and manage versatile 5G networks. Speciﬁcally, we focus

on the relationship between new radio access technologies and

emerging system-level techniques, examining how they may assist

and complement each other. In this regard, we examine some tools

such as virtualization and cognitive networks that can bridge this

relationship. This paper is not intended to be a general survey

on 5G, but rather a survey on how the requirements of ﬂexibility

and adaptability may be achieved in 5G through the coupling

of versatile radio access technologies and emerging system-level

techniques.

Keywords—5G, adaptability, new waveforms, full duplex, cloud-

RAN, massive-MIMO, software deﬁned networks, virtualization,

cognitive networks

I. INTRODUCTION

As the requirements and research directions for 5G are

slowly beginning to crystallize, it is becoming apparent that

5G will have a distinctly different ﬂavour than previous

generations of mobile network standards. This difference can

be largely attributed to the core ideas of versatility and

adaptability, which will need to be prevalent throughout the

entire network. In this paper, we explore how 5G will be

Manuscript received March 14, 2016. Revised September 10, 2016. Ac-

cepted for publication December 25, 2016

All authors are with CONNECT - Networks of the Future - Research Centre

at Trinity College Dublin, Ireland, e-mail: csexton@tcd.ie.

characterised by greater versatility and adaptability of radio

access technologies (RAT) and system-level architectures that

cooperate with one another to cater to diverse service require-

ments.

In previous generation increments, the primary focus was

on increased data rates. Although the need for increased data

rates retains its relevance as we progress towards 5G, the

requirements for 5G are far more multifaceted than anything

before [1]–[3]. New services such as high deﬁnition video,

trafﬁc safety, e-Health, and automated industry have diverse

and often conﬂicting needs. The myriad of services to be

supported can be categorized into three primary areas, which

are currently the focus of 3GPP:

1) enhanced Mobile Broadband,

2) massive Machine Type Communications,

3) ultra-reliable low latency communications.

Each area presents different requirements to the network in

terms of data-rate, latency, reliability, and energy efﬁciency.

5G networks may need to be able to handle a 1000x increase

in current trafﬁc volumes, provide a 100x increase in the edge

data rate, support a latency in the region of 1ms, provide ultra-

high reliability and availability, all the while reducing or at

least maintaining current energy consumption and costs.

It is difﬁcult to design a network capable of fulﬁlling all of

these service requirements simultaneously. Therefore, unlike

previous generations, which were primarily deﬁned by their

approach to the air interface and multiple access scheme (i.e.,

UMTS/WCDMA and LTE/OFDMA), 5G will be distinguished

by the unprecedented level of ﬂexibility present throughout the

entire network. Designed in a versatile manner to adapt to the

requirements of a diverse range of services, 5G will need to

improve on the ﬂexibility afforded by 4G, moving towards a

more encompassing solution that is ubiquitous throughout the

entire network. We use the word versatile to deﬁne the high

level of malleability and adaptability that 5G must possess.

A versatile 5G network is a full network solution in which

different network layers, from the radio access technologies

to the system-level techniques, may adapt in a harmonious

fashion to suit the needs of a particular service.

The new range of radio access technologies being con-

sidered for 5G, such as in-band full duplex (IBFD), new

waveforms, millimeter wave (mmWave), and massive-MIMO

(M-MIMO), demonstrate clear heterogeneity in their capa-

bilities and strengths. MmWave, for example, presents new

challenges such as extreme sensitivity to blockages, but offers

remarkable data rates when used in the right environments.

Communications Surveys & Tutorials

As another example, in-band full duplex introduces new types

of interference into the network, yet may potentially double

the spectral efﬁciency depending on the interference proﬁle

of the cell. New technologies do not always equate to better

performance in every situation, but rather introduce more

choice and versatility.

However, while important, changes in the radio access

technologies alone will not be enough to support the wide

range of services envisioned. Hence, 5G will also likely see

the emergence of new system-level techniques and architec-

tures aimed at increasing capacity and reducing the overhead

associated with managing the network, such as small cells,

cloud-RAN, and software deﬁned networking (SDN). In the

context of adaptable networks, these techniques are doubly

relevant. Firstly, they bring inherent ﬂexibility to the network

through the increased level of abstraction that they introduce.

Second, they have an important part to play in the creation

and management of versatile networks.

In this paper, we survey some of the radio access technolo-

gies and system-level architectures that are critical to achieve

the level of versatility required in 5G. Speciﬁcally, we focus on

the interplay between the new radio access technologies being

considered and the emerging system-level techniques for 5G, in

order to establish how they may assist one another towards the

goal of increased versatility and adaptability. This relationship

is of key importance if the vision of 5G as a highly adaptable

network is to be realised. In Section IV, we explore some

promising approaches for enabling this relationship, as well

as the associated future research directions and challenges.

This paper is not a general survey of 5G: such works already

exist in the literature [4]–[7]. Nor is the purpose of this paper

to provide a survey of various key radio access technologies

and system-level techniques for 5G; there are many surveys

that individually deal with each of the topics we discuss in far

more detail (listed in Table I for convenience), and we will

refer the interested reader to these where relevant. Instead,

the key contribution of this paper is the study of ways in

which new radio access technologies and emerging system-

level techniques may assist and complement each other to

enable the creation of versatile networks that are able to adapt

to various service requirements, as captured in Fig. 1.

The main contributions of the paper are as follows:

1) we promote the vision of 5G as a highly versatile and

reconﬁgurable network, capable of adapting to many

different service requirements.

2) we identify the relevant research questions that are re-

quired to bring about this vision.

3) we survey the technologies and tools that will be in-

strumental in realising this vision of ﬂexible networks,

speciﬁcally focusing on the relationship between new

versatile radio access technologies and emerging system-

level techniques.

The paper is structured as follows: Section II focuses on new

radio access technologies, surveying the choices and options

that may be presented by the future 5G PHY and MAC layers.

Section III takes a system-level view of 5G, examining the

contributions that new techniques can offer to an adaptable net-

work in terms of both performance and management. Section

Fig. 1. Versatile radio access technologies and emerging system-level

techniques combining to form a 5G network capable of adapting to various

service requirements.

TABLE I. TABLE OF DETAILED SURVEYS ON TOPICS COVERED IN THIS

PAPER.

Survey Topic Group description

[4]–[7] General surveys of 5G Provides broad overview of select topics

and technologies that are central to the

5G discussion, and reviews current work

in each area.

[8]–[12] In-band full duplex Reviews developments, challenges, and

opportunities related to different aspects

of in-band full duplex such as MAC

design, antenna design, and application

to relaying.

[13], [14] Spatial modulation Focuses speciﬁcally on the area of spa-

tial modulation, and discusses develop-

ments in this area.

[15]–[21] New waveforms Explores the various waveform con-

tenders for 5G, discussing the proper-

ties, implications and merits of various

options, as well as offering comparisons

of relative performance.

[22]–[24] Cognitive radio and

spectrum sharing

Surveys developments in cognitive ra-

dio and spectrum sharing with a view

towards future networks.

[25] Network virtualization Provides survey of some of the work

that has already been undertaken to

achieve wireless network virtualization,

and discusses the research issues and

challenges that remain.

[26]–[30] Software deﬁned net-

working

Focuses on the area of software de-

ﬁned networking, providing a general

overview of work in the ﬁeld, as well

as more speciﬁc surveys on Openﬂow,

wireless SDN, and virtualization hyper-

visors.

[31] Cloud-RAN Presents the state-of-the-art on cloud-

RAN, and discusses both the advantages

and challenges associated with it.

[32]–[34] Millimetre wave Explores the possibilities offered by mil-

limeter wave communications and sur-

veys initial works in this area, focusing

on its feasibility for 5G, as well as the

challenges still to be solved.

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TABLE II. EXPANDED FORM OF ACRONYMS USED IN THIS PAPER

Acronym Expanded Form Acronym Expanded Form

3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project AMC Adaptive Modulation and Coding

AP Access Point API Application Program Interface

ASM Adaptive Spatial Modulation ATA Autonomous Timing Advance

BBU Baseband Processing Unit BS Base Station

CAPEX Capital Expenditure CAPWAP Control and Provisioning of Wireless Access Points

CoMP Coordinated Multipoint CP Cyclic Preﬁx

CPRI Common Public Radio Interface CSI Channel State Information

D2D Device-to-Device DAS Distributed Antenna System

DSA Dynamic Spectrum Access eNB eNodeB

FBMC Filter Bank Multicarrier FDD Frequency-division Duplexing

FFT Fast Fourier Transform FMT Filtered Multi-Tone

f-OFDM ﬁltered Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing GAA General Authorized Access

GFDM Generalised Frequency Division Multiplexing HD Half Duplex

IBFD In-band Full Duplex ICI Inter-Carrier Interference

ICIC Inter-Cell Interference Coordination IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform

InP Infrastructure Provider ISI Inter-Symbol Interference

ISM Industrial, Scientiﬁc and Medical JR Joint Reception

JT Joint Transmission LAA-LTE Licensed Assisted Access-LTE

LBT Listen Before Talk LSA Licensed Shared Access

LTE Long Term Evolution LTE-U Long Term Evolution Unlicensed

LVAP Light Virtual Access Point MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

mmWave Millimetre Wave M-MIMO Massive-MIMO

MNO Mobile Network Operator MTC Machine Type Communication

MVNO Mobile Virtual Network Operator MVNP Mobile Virtual Network Provider

NOMA Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access OPEX Operational Expenditure

PMI Precoding Matrix Indicator PSD Power Spectral Density

PU Primary User QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QoE Quality of Experience RA Resource Allocation

RAN Radio Access Network RAT Radio Access Technology

RANaaS Radio Access Network as a Service RoF Radio over Fibre

RRH Remote Radio Head SAN Software Adjustable Network

SAS Spectrum Access System SC-FDMA Single Carrier- Frequency Division Multiple Access

SCM Single Carrier Modulation SCMA Sparse Code Multiple Access

SDAI Software Deﬁned Air Interface SDN Software Deﬁned Networking

SDR Software Deﬁned Radio SDW Software Deﬁned Waveform

SDWN Software Deﬁned Wireless network SI Self-Interference

SIC Self-Interference Cancellation SM Spatial Modulation

SoDeMA Software Deﬁned Multiple Access SP Service Provider

SU Secondary User TDD Time-division Duplexing

TTI Transmission Time Interval UE User Equipment

UFMC Universal Filtered Multicarrier UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

U-NII Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure VAP Virtual Access Point

WCDMA Wide-Band Code-Division Multiple Access WDTX WiFi Datapath Transmission

WLAN Wireless Local Area Network

IV examines two options that offer the potential to bridge the

complementary relationship between system-level techniques

and radio access technologies, as well as the associated issues,

challenges, and future research directions. Finally, Section V

concludes the paper.

A list of the acronyms used in this paper is provided in

Table II.

II. RADIO ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES IN 5G

5G has the potential to offer an unprecedented level of

ﬂexibility in the radio access level technologies it employs.

With so many diverse requirements to satisfy, these PHY

technologies provide the basic building blocks from which to

construct versatile networks that can be adapted according to

the services to be supported. 5G will be characterized by both

the speciﬁc technologies it adopts, and the ability it offers to

conﬁgure these technologies to suit particular use-cases.

In this section, we focus on three core areas that will form

the main ingredients of any 5G PHY layer: duplexing, multiple

antenna use, and waveforms.

A. Duplexing

The notion that radios cannot send and receive simultane-

ously using the same spectral resources is based on the fact that

the locally generated transmitted signal can be several orders of

magnitude stronger than the signal to be received, essentially

drowning it out and resulting in severe crosstalk between the

transmitter and receiver. However, given recent developments

in self-interference cancellation, in-band full duplex (IBFD)

is now feasible for low-power, short-range systems such as

small cells [35] and device-to-device (D2D) communication

[36], which are expected to play an important role in 5G. The

main beneﬁt that in-band full duplex offers is the potential of

doubled spectral efﬁciency and capacity.

Self-interference (SI) represents the biggest challenge in

achieving in-band full duplex. Different self-interference can-

cellation (SIC) schemes vary in their cancellation capabilities,

greatly affecting the performance of IBFD. In order to render

self-interference negligible, it is necessary to reduce it to the

same level as the noise ﬂoor. In Wi-Fi systems, with 20dBm

average transmit power and a noise ﬂoor of around -90dBm,

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Fig. 2. In-band full duplex introduces two new types of interference into

systems, namely uplink-to-downlink and downlink-to-uplink.

110dB of cancellation is required. This ﬁgure is quoted from

[37], which presents the design and implementation of an in-

band full duplex radio that is capable of providing this 110dB

of cancellation. [11] calculates that a reliable communication

link in a small cell would require a 104dB reduction in SI,

and provides a table detailing the cancellation achieved by

current SIC schemes in the literature. Given the larger transmit

powers and distances involved, even greater cancellation must

be achieved if IBFD is to become a viable technology for full-

scale cellular networks.

It is clear that the performance of in-band full duplex is

affected by many factors such as link distance, transmit power,

and SIC capabilities. In addition, IBFD introduces two new

types of interference to the cellular network [38], namely

inter-cell base station (BS)-BS and intra-cell user equipment

(UE)-UE, as illustrated in Fig. 2. As a result, the promise of

doubled capacity using IBFD often falls short. [39] employs

stochastic geometry to analyse a multi-cell OFDMA setting

and reports that while double capacity is not reached, capacity

is still greatly increased. [40] reports similar ﬁndings for indoor

scenarios, reporting 30% − 40% gains.

Increased spectral efﬁciency is not the only beneﬁt that

IBFD can offer. IBFD can be used to reduce control plane

latency, since feedback information such as channel state

information (CSI) and acknowledgements can be received

during data transmission. In addition, advances in SIC enable

faster collision detection since a transmitting device can simul-

taneously listen for collisions. This is of particular interest for

contention based protocols or dynamic spectrum access.

IBFD is an exciting technology with great potential; how-

ever, understanding when and how to use it is critical to its

successful integration. In this section, we survey the many

choices and options presented by IBFD, and explore the

ﬂexibility that it introduces into the network.

We refer the interested reader to [8] for more details on in-

band full duplex. [9] discusses the design of medium access

control protocols for IBFD systems. For more details on

interference cancellation algorithms and the low-level details

of IBFD radios, we refer the reader to [10], [11]. In the

remainder of this section, we explore some of the choice and

ﬂexibility that is introduced into the network with the advent

of IBFD and SIC.

Hybrid Duplexing: We have already highlighted that IBFD

performance depends on numerous factors such as SIC ca-

pabilities, pathloss between devices, and transmit power. In

many cases, the new types of interference introduced into the

network prevent the promise of potentially doubled capacity

from being realised. In some cases, strong interference may

even render IBFD less favourable than conventional duplex-

ing

techniques. [41] derives the conditions for in-band full

duplex gain in a single cell scenario and proposes a hybrid

scheduler which decides whether to schedule both an uplink

and downlink UE in a resource block, or whether to default

to traditional half duplex (HD)

operation. This leads to the

concept of hybrid duplexing, in which the duplexing scheme

is chosen depending on current conditions.

With regard to choosing a duplexing mode, four choices

reveal themselves:

1) Time-division duplexing (TDD);

2) Frequency-division duplexing (FDD);

3) In-band full duplex (IBFD);

4) Hybrid duplexing.

Hybrid duplexing involves a controller which, based on a

set of parameters of concern, decides when to exploit IBFD

communications and defaults to a conventional duplexing

technique if conditions are not favourable.

• Hybrid duplexing for cellular access: The potential to

boost spectral efﬁciency and cell capacity makes IBFD

attractive for cellular access. Most of the literature fo-

cusing on cellular access considers the scenario whereby

the base station operates in IBFD mode while legacy UE

terminals are only HD capable [39], [42]. [43] identiﬁes

the main challenge in such a situation to be the optimal

scheduling of UEs for uplink and downlink in the same

frequency resource. [44] notes that the use of pure IBFD

may not be optimal in every situation due to the effects

of interference, and considers the use of a centralized

adaptive scheduler in a scenario consisting of a IBFD base

station and half duplex UEs. The scheduler may decide

to schedule either one uplink, one downlink, or a pair of

uplink and downlink UEs in a resource block depending

on the interference. The objective is to maximise the

joint uplink and downlink utility of the system with

Conventional duplexing refers to the use of either half duplex techniques,

where simultaneous transmission and reception is not possible, or out-of-band

full duplex, where simultaneous transmission and reception is only possible

using different frequency bands.

To be precise, half duplex refers only to techniques that may either transmit

or receive in a certain time slot, but not both. However, in keeping with

the literature on hybrid duplexing, we use the term half duplex instead of

conventional duplexing to mean either time-division duplexing (TDD) or

frequency-division duplexing (FDD).

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proportional fairness, assuming global system knowledge.

[45] proposes a hybrid scheduler based on a distributed

approach that is capable of performing almost as well as

a centralized approach. [46] proposes a hybrid scheduler

that switches between in-band full duplex and half duplex

modes depending on the self-interference cancellation

values.

• Hybrid duplexing for device-to-device communication:

D2D allows nearby devices to establish direct links,

negating the need to make a round trip via the base station

and hence increasing the overall system throughput. The

application of IBFD transmission in D2D communica-

tions appears to be a sensible ﬁt, as the distance be-

tween paired devices is typically short, thereby increasing

the ratio between the received signal strength and self-

interference strength. Most of the current research into

the coexistence of D2D and IBFD focuses on using

IBFD communications between device pairs to boost

spectral efﬁciency [47]–[49]. This is achieved at the

cost of increasingly complicated interference channels

to be considered. This scenario also requires devices

to be IBFD capable. D2D involves a delicate balance

between increasing the overall system throughput and

keeping the interference introduced by direct transmission

between pairs to a minimum. Protecting existing cellular

users is a primary concern in D2D. Hybrid duplexing

may offer beneﬁts in an IBFD D2D scenario and still

requires investigation. This may take the form of BS

assisted hybrid scheduling, or each individual D2D pair

may autonomously decide for themselves. The decision

between using full or half duplex may be inﬂuenced by a

number of factors related to the interference proﬁle of the

cell, including self-interference, D2D-to-UE interference,

and UE-to-D2D interference.

• Hybrid duplexing for relaying: Relaying is another po-

tential application of IBFD that is attracting plentiful

attention due to the possibility of increasing the data-rate

by transmitting and receiving using the same frequency

resources. The concept of hybrid duplexing is again

relevant in this scenario, as highlighted by [50], which

considers hybrid IBFD/HD relaying with opportunistic

mode selection and demonstrates the performance gain

offered by such a system over a system conﬁned to

a single duplexing scheme. [51] proposes an adaptive

IBFD/HD relaying scheme consisting of three modes:

orthogonal reception, orthogonal transmission, or simul-

taneous reception and transmission at the relay. [52]

demonstrates that hybrid transmission mode for relays

can achieve better performance than just using in-band

full duplex or half duplex transmission mode alone. The

subject of resource allocation in virtualized IBFD relays

is discussed in [53], [54], considering spectrum, base

stations, and relays as virtual resources.

• Hybrid duplexing for self-backhauling: Self-backhauling

refers to a technique whereby a base station uses part of

its available spectral resources for wireless backhauling.

Traditionally macro-cells have been backhauled using

a form of guided transmission such as optical ﬁbre.

While this has proved to be effective, wireless backhaul

provides a cheaper alternative for the huge numbers of

low-power, low-cost nodes that will be deployed in 5G

networks. [55] provides an overview of the techniques

and challenges associated with backhauling small-cells in

5G. The authors characterize the cellular region in which

the use of in-band self-backhauling limits the downlink

capacity of the cell, and suggests the use of IBFD as a

way to improve performance.

[56] highlights the importance of backhaul-aware radio

resource management. This is especially important in

an IBFD-capable small-cell that uses spectral resources

simultaneously for both access and backhaul. In relation

to IBFD cellular access, we already drew special attention

to the possibility of a hybrid scheduler that decides

whether to operate in IBFD mode or default to HD

mode. This notion of hybrid duplexing for cellular access

is even more prevalent in a scenario involving in-band

backhauling. Furthermore, this concept can be extended to

the backhaul case as explored in [57], in which the authors

demonstrate the usefulness of adaptive IBFD/HD self-

backhauling over IBFD self-backhauling alone. In adap-

tive IBFD/HD self-backhauling, the duplexing scheme is

dynamically changed according to the current interference

conditions.

• Hybrid duplexing for dynamic spectrum access (DSA):

DSA has been heralded as a promising technique to

deal with the perceived spectrum shortage at microwave

frequencies, allowing unlicensed secondary users (SU)

to avail of licensed bands according to a strict set of

rules. The rules deﬁning how and when an SU can use

licensed spectrum are designed with a strong emphasis on

protecting the incumbent. Typically in a cognitive radio,

the SU will perform spectrum sensing at the beginning

of each time slot and begin transmitting if the received

power is below some predeﬁned threshold. Two problems

are evident with this approach. Firstly, multiple SUs might

opportunistically attempt to access the medium, resulting

in secondary collisions. Secondly, the primary user (PU)

may become active at any time and the SU cannot detect

this while it is transmitting. SIC has been proposed to

enhance the performance of cognitive radios, reducing the

number of SU collisions and offering greater protection

to the incumbent, as it allows SUs to perform spectrum

sensing while simultaneously transmitting [58]–[61]. [62],

[63] consider an adaptive transmission-reception-sensing

strategy in which the cognitive radio may utilize the

beneﬁts of IBFD in two ways:

1) Simultaneous transmission-and-sensing mode to im-

prove detection probability.

2) Simultaneous transmission-and-reception mode to im-

prove throughput.

A spectrum awareness/efﬁciency trade-off arises from the

adaptive switching strategy, with a threshold between the

two depending on the SU’s beliefs about PU activity. If

an SU has a strong belief regarding PU idleness in a

certain channel, the SU should operate in simultaneous

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