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II
目录
摘 要......................................................................................................................... III
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................. V
第一章 绪论.......................................................................................................... - 9 -
1.1 自动聚焦光学成像原理..............................................................................................- 3 -
1.2 焦深,景深含义.......................................................................................................... - 4 -
1.3 自动聚焦的发展现状..................................................................................................- 7 -
第二章 各种自动聚焦的方法对比...................................................................... - 9 -
2.1 传统反差式对焦方法................................................................................................- 10 -
2.2 相位法聚焦原理........................................................................................................ - 13 -
2.3 反差式对焦系统与相位法对焦系统的优缺点........................................................- 15 -
2.4 三角测量法.............................................................................................................. - 17 -
第三章 系统硬件参数设计................................................................................ - 19 -
3.1 机台设计以及操作....................................................................................................- 19 -
3.2 光源选取以及实验注意步骤.....................................................................................- 22 -
3.3 实验中图像的采集以及镜头参数............................................................................- 23 -
第四章 Matlab 环境下反差式快速自动聚焦的实现........................................ - 27 -
4.1 实验流程设计............................................................................................................ - 27 -
4.2 改进的清晰度评价函数............................................................................................- 28 -
4.3 基于 MTALAB 的 Gaussian 曲线拟合方法........................................................... - 36 -
4.4 实验结果..................................................................................................................... - 42 -
第五章 总结与展望............................................................................................................ - 55 -
参考文献.............................................................................................................. - 58 -
III
摘 要
随着科技的不断进步和发展,高精度、高速度的显微镜技术已
经广泛应用于生物科技、精密仪器制造、航空航天、自动加工、工
业在线监测等领域。自动聚焦是各种成像系统的核心技术之一。从
手机拍照、摄影机拍照、数码相机拍照到光学显微镜、生物医学成
像等生活的各个层次都应用到自动聚焦技术。自动聚焦是不需要人
为操作,它是光学成像系统的内部处理,通过硬件与软件有效结合,
能自动调节每个参数,比如物距、像距、能准确的计算成像的图片
的清晰度函数值以及成像的具体位置,使最后成像的照片质量最优、
分辨率最高。换一句话说,聚焦目的使物体被摄在感光芯片平面上
成清晰图像。
本文主要是通过显微镜拍摄晶圆图像采用 Matlab 程序来实现自
动聚焦技术。主要工作如下:
(1)用清晰度评价函数来判断一张照片是否清晰,本文通过优
化传统清晰度评价函数,使计算的图像的清晰度评价函数值准确性
更高、抗干扰性更强、计算过程更简单、效果更好。
(2)通过相同的步长拍摄等距离的三张图像,使用清晰度评价
函数来计算拍摄图像得到清晰度评价函数值,再通过三点位置以及
清晰度函数的值模拟成 Gaussian 曲线。
(3) 在 matlab 环境下,三点拟合的 Gaussian 曲线,找到曲线
中最大清晰度函数值对应的镜头位置,相机会移动到该位置,再以此
IV
位置为原点取两边相同步长对应的位置,在这三个新的位置拍摄 3
张照片,再使用清晰度评价函数来计算出这三个点对应的清晰度函
数值,最后再利用这三点位置和清晰度函数的值模拟成 Gaussian 曲
线。找到 Gaussian 曲线最大值对应的位置,重复以上的操作,直到
要把以 Gaussian 曲线拟合形式为:以 Gaussian 曲线的最大值对应
的镜头位置坐标为原点,两边步长相等的位置对应清晰度评价函数
的值基本一致,即自动聚焦结束。
关键词:自动聚焦;评价函数;
Matlab
;步长;三点高斯拟合曲线
V
ABSTRACT
With the continuous progress and development of science and
technology, high precision and high speed microscope technology has
been widely used in the fields of biotechnology, precision instrument
manufacturing, aeronautics and Astronautics, automatic processing,
industrial on-line monitoring and so on. Autofocus is one of the core
technologies of various imaging systems.
All aspects of life from mobile phone taking, camera taking, digital
camera taking to optical microscope, biomedical imaging and so on are
applied to auto focus technology. Automatic focusing is not a human
operation. It is the internal processing of the optical imaging system. It
can automatically adjust each parameter, such as the object distance, the
image distance, the image definition function and the specific location of
the image, so that the image quality of the final imaging is optimal. The
rate of discrimination is the highest. In other words, we need to focus
objects on the photosensitive chip plane to make clear images.
This paper is mainly to realize the autofocus of microscope to the
imaging of wafer through the Matlab software. The main work is as
follows:
1.Use clarity evaluation function to determine whether a picture is
clear.In this paper, by optimizing the traditional definition evaluation
function, the accuracy of the definition evaluation function of the
calculated image is higher, the anti-interference is stronger, the
calculation process is simpler and the effect is better.
2.Take three images of equal distance through the same step size
,
the
definition evaluation function is used to calculate the shooting image and
VI
get the definition evaluation function value,simulate the Gaussian curve.
3.Under the environment of MATLAB , three point fitting Gaussian
curve,find the lens position corresponding to the maximum definition
function value in the curve, and the camera will move to the position.
Then take the position as the origin, and take the corresponding position
of the same step size on both sides.Shooting 3 photos in these three new
locations,Then the clarity function is used to calculate the definition
function values of the three points. Finally, the three points and the
definition function are used to simulate the Gaussian curve. Find the
location of the maximum value of the Gaussian curve。Repeat the above
operation, until the form of Gaussian curve fitting is as follows: Taking
the maximum value of the Gaussian curve corresponding to the lens
position coordinates as the origin , the position of the two equal step
lengths corresponds to the definition evaluation function.,the end of auto
focus.
Key words
:Auto focus;Evaluation function;Matlab;Step length;
Three-point fitting curve
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