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JP 摩根-全球-金属与采矿业-金属季报:应谨慎对待Q2金属估值拉伸,但Q3全球经济增长将重新上行-3-54页.pdf
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JP 摩根-全球-金属与采矿业-金属季报:应谨慎对待Q2金属估值拉伸,但Q3全球经济增长将重新上行-3-54页.pdf
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Global Commodities Research
11 March 2019
Corrected Note (See page 51 for details)
Metals Quarterly
Stretched valuations warrant caution on metals into
2Q but firmer global growth should reopen upside in
3Q
Global Commodities Research
Natasha Kaneva
(1-212) 834-3175
natasha.kaneva@jpmorgan.com
JPMorgan Chase Bank NA
Gregory C. Shearer
(44-20) 7134-8161
gregory.c.shearer@jpmorgan.com
J.P. Morgan Securities plc
Global FX Strategy
Thomas Anthonj
AC
(44-20) 7742-7850
thomas.e.anthonj@jpmorgan.com
J.P. Morgan Securities plc
Ladislav Jankovic
AC
(1-212) 834-9618
ladislav.jankovic@jpmchase.com
J.P. Morgan Securities LLC
Global Quantitative and
Derivatives Strategy
Thomas J Murphy, PhD
AC
(1-212) 270-7377
thomas.x.murphy@jpmchase.com
J.P. Morgan Securities LLC
See page 51 for analyst certification and important disclosures.
www.jpmorganmarkets.com
Having risen 11% year-to-date, industrial metals have shrugged off
weakness in the global growth cycle (including a new low for
manufacturing PMIs) and instead are already pricing in a full rebound in
macro data.
More specifically, at current spot levels, metals are trading at a 20%
premium to the current global PMI of 50.6.
Put differently, metals are already anticipating a rebound in the global
manufacturing PMI to close to 53—a high hurdle.
While we hold the view that global growth will stabilize and lift by mid-
year, we believe the base metals markets are now already pre-emptively
pricing in the best possible outcome.
In base metals, stretched valuations at present keep us bearish vs spot
levels into 2Q19 but a stabilized global and Chinese economy later in the
year reopens upside for metals in 3Q18. We still see dark macro clouds on
the 2020 horizon, however, and continue to call for industrial-linked metals
to sell off hard into year-end.
If we are correct and accommodative monetary policy and looser financial
conditions manage to stabilize and then lift global growth by early-2Q, we
expect bond yields to move decisively higher.
The potential for higher US yields and their pass-through impact on the
dollar (which tends to inflect higher when the bond market starts to
anticipate further Fed hikes), could likely weigh on precious metals in the
coming months. Our forecast calls for lower spot prices in 2Q.
However, we maintain our longer-term 2H19 bullish outlook and continue
to favor precious metals on their unique late-cycle characteristics.
In terms of our price forecasts, in base metals our 2019 price upgrades
range between 4% in nickel to 2% in copper and zinc. Aluminum, the only
metal that didn’t reach our price target in 1Q, stands out as the single
downgrade (-3%). We leave our 2020 price forecast unchanged.
In precious metals, at this juncture, we opt not to make any major changes
to the price trajectory for gold, silver and platinum, continuing to see 2H19
upside. In palladium, we now see some more intra-quarter volatility over
2Q19 and 3Q19 but retain a view that prices will ultimately retrace into
year-end.
2
Global
Commodities
Research
Metals Quarterly
11 March 2019
Natasha Kaneva
(1-212) 834-3175
natasha.kaneva@jpmorgan.com
Gregory C. Shearer
(44-20) 7134-8161
gregory.c.shearer@jpmorgan.com
Thomas Anthonj
(44-20) 7742-7850
thomas.e.anthonj@jpmorgan.com
Ladislav Jankovic
(1-212) 834-9618
ladislav.jankovic@jpmchase.com
Global growth in early stages of
normalization
In our year-ahead outlook we argued that in 1H19 base
metals prices would reverse the losses suffered in 2H18
amidst a moderate global macro recovery driven by
China, a neutral trade-weighted dollar and a US-China
trade agreement in one form or another. The first two
months of the year have delivered positive outcomes on
two of the three points. Firstly, despite a recent rebound,
the US dollar is still about 1.4% weaker than its mid-
December peak. Meanwhile, significant progress has
been made in US-China trade negotiations and the two
countries are moving closer to a partial deal with tariff
hikes looking like they are firmly off the table for the
near future. Yet against this backdrop of positive news,
the global economy—the main driver behind our
fundamental view on the markets—slipped to a below
potential pace of growth in 4Q18 and will likely remain
there throughout 1Q19.
The soft patch looks likely to persist at least through
mid-year but the dovish turns by major central banks
over the past two months and increasingly aggressive
policy support from China have fueled expectations of an
improved growth profile in the offing. Signs of growth
stabilization have indeed emerged in recent months.
As the growth impetus has rotated from DM into EM,
JPM’s forecast revision index (FRI) for EM has been
broadly stable for four months now, whereas DM FRI
has only rebounded in the last week (Exhibit 1). Given
the heavier weighting of DM in the global index, the
global FRI had also been grinding lower for 31
consecutive weeks before stabilizing last week.
Furthermore, stability in EM presents a more
balanced growth momentum backdrop than last year.
Exhibit 1: J.P. Morgan Real GDP Forecast Revision Index
Index, 4Jan2002=100; Changes reflect %-point revision to 4-quarter rolling
percent change forecast
Source: J.P. Morgan
JPM’s economic activity surprise indexes (EASIs)
continue to evolve with EM cooling drastically in the last
week while DM actually picked up growth momentum—
a reversal from what we have seen in the last month
(Exhibit 2).
Exhibit 2: J.P. Morgan Economic Activity Surprise Index
Percent
Source: J.P. Morgan
Industrial metals have already
anticipated a stabilization in global
growth momentum
Having risen 11% year-to-date, metals have shrugged off
the weakness in the global growth cycle (including a new
low for manufacturing PMIs) and instead are already
pricing in a full rebound in macro data. More
specifically, at current spot levels, metals are trading at a
20% premium to the current global PMI of 50.6 (Exhibit
3). Put differently, metals are already anticipating a
rebound in the global manufacturing PMI to close to
53—2.4 index points above the current reading (Exhibit
4). This type of persistent premium is quite rare and has
occurred only three times in the last ten years: in 1H08,
in mid-2011 and in early 2015. In all previous cases, it
was a precursor for lower metals prices.
By any rate, such divergence is unsustainable, and mean
reversion will eventually come about as 1) growth
rebounds to match the prices, 2) prices sell off to
converge with growth or 3) a combination of both.
Addressing each point individually, our economists
remain hopeful that the trifecta of looser monetary
policies from major central banks, China domestic
stimulus and a US/China trade agreement (that involves
no rollback of existing US tariffs on $250bn of Chinese
goods) should stabilize the global economy this spring
and lift growth by mid-year. To converge with current
spot metals prices, global industrial production has to
rebound to a solid 3% pace over the next six months—a
needed condition for the manufacturing PMI to track
around 53. This PMI hurdle is high but not completely
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EASI DM EASI EM EASI Global
3
Global
Commodities Research
Metals Quarterly
11 March 2019
Natasha Kaneva
(1-212) 834-3175
natasha.kaneva@jpmorgan.com
Gregory C. Shearer
(44-20) 7134-8161
gregory.c.shearer@jpmorgan.com
Thomas Anthonj
(44-20) 7742-7850
thomas.e.anthonj@jpmorgan.com
Ladislav Jankovic
(1-212) 834-9618
ladislav.jankovic@jpmchase.com
out of reach: the last time global industry enjoyed this
level of growth was during the period from March 2017
through June 2018, when the global economy not only
shifted into an above-trend pace for the first time since
1996 but averaged 70bp above potential growth (Exhibit
5). To this end, our forecasts call for the global economy
to only grow at potential this year.
Exhibit 3: Bloomberg Industrial Metals Subindex TR
premium/discount to global manufacturing PMI
Percent
Source: Bloomberg, J.P. Morgan Commodities Research
Exhibit 4: Global PMI and Bloomberg Industrial Metals Subindex
TR
LHS: PMI Index; RHS: BCOMINTR Index
Source: Bloomberg, J.P. Morgan
Exhibit 5: Global Industrial Production growth and manufacturing
PMI
LHS: Global IP growth percent; RHS: Global PMI, index
Source: Bloomberg, J.P. Morgan
Base metals valuations no longer
supportive
While we hold the view that global growth will stabilize
and lift by mid-year, we believe the metals markets are
now already pre-emptively pricing in the best possible
outcome. The valuations are not only no longer as cheap
as they were in late 3Q/4Q18, when we first turned
positive on the space on the back of Chinese stimulus,
but the priced growth hurdle now appears high
relative to what will likely be delivered in the near-
term, leaving us with an overall bearish bias into 2Q
relative to spot levels.
In 2016, metals showed similar impatience, preempting
the rebound in global PMIs by almost three months. The
first improvement in China’s PMI didn’t come through
until March (with the data being released in early April),
by which time copper price had surged close to 20%
already. Interestingly, once data confirmed the uptick in
both the Chinese and global economies, metals prices
stabilized, remaining largely range-bound until the US
elections in November 2016, when the potential for
infrastructure-heavy fiscal spending propelled metals
higher. Equally important is the fact that despite solid
performance in 2016 (BCOMINTR was up 22% for
the year), industrial metals on average traded 7% too
cheap versus global growth. The compelling
valuations opened the door for another leg higher in
2017, when the sector surged another 29%.
Ultimately we think 2016 was an exception, not the
rule. Given we believe China is merely stabilizing the
economy this time around rather than ramping up
another round of 2016 flood-like, infrastructure-heavy
stimulus we see the potential for some near-term
wobbles which could easily bring base metals prices
back to earth in 2Q. However, while likely not quick
enough for mercurial metals markets, we do eventually
see China’s monetary-driven stabilization ultimately
working to drive growth back up to 6.4% by 3Q19. As
firmer growth becomes more apparent and
demonstrable later in the year, we in turn see metals
for the most part once again setting new year-to-date
highs in 3Q19.
Further forward, while US recession risks have moved
slightly lower following the Fed’s dovish tilt, 1-year
forward probabilities are still oscillating around 43%
with two-year probabilities at 76% (Edgerton, US Real-
time Quant Econ Monitor, 08 Mar 2019). Given this we
still factor in the significant likelihood of a macro
rollover in 2020 for the time being and keep a sharp
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Global IP Global PMI
4
Global
Commodities
Research
Metals Quarterly
11 March 2019
Natasha Kaneva
(1-212) 834-3175
natasha.kaneva@jpmorgan.com
Gregory C. Shearer
(44-20) 7134-8161
gregory.c.shearer@jpmorgan.com
Thomas Anthonj
(44-20) 7742-7850
thomas.e.anthonj@jpmorgan.com
Ladislav Jankovic
(1-212) 834-9618
ladislav.jankovic@jpmchase.com
4Q19 selloff across base metals in our base case
forecast.
Demand drives 80% of metals returns
with usual disruptions to supply
accounted for in disruption allowances
The usual caveat to our fair-value approach is that our
estimate for the fair value of industrial metals is
anchored to only one variable—growth (here we utilize
global manufacturing PMI). This single-variable model
explains about 80% of the variations in base metals
returns and may not capture changes outside its scope,
which clearly could be very influential for the sector.
The inherent assumption behind this framework is that
valuations should realign at some point with growth
metrics unless additional catalysts materialize. Such
catalysts could include changes in supply, central banks
turning more dovish, trade wars, etc.
In industrial metals, to marry the two sides of the
fundamental supply-demand view, we acknowledge that
unless we are in a period of chronic underinvestment in
mining capacity in face of rapidly rising demand (in
early 2000s at the start of China-fueled supercycle) or
facing major incidents of labor unrest (early 2018 when
the world’s largest copper mine was shut for 43 days due
to strike), four-fifths of metals returns are indeed driven
by demand. The usual cases of unexpected disruptions to
mine production like weather, strikes, unscheduled
maintenance, etc. should be covered by the customary
disruption allowance.
Precious metals—gold’s unique late-
cycle characteristics keep us bullish in
2H19
If we are correct and accommodative monetary policy
and looser financial conditions manage to stabilize and
then lift global growth by early-2Q, we expect bond
yields to move decisively higher. We look for the 10-
year yields stay in the current 2.60-2.80% range over the
near term but break higher into the spring and see the
potential for a 2Q19 selloff to approach medium-term
support clustered in the 2.90s (Hunter et al., Global
Fixed Income Technical Strategist, 06 Mar 2019). For
gold price this translates to about $1,250/oz (Exhibit
6).
Exhibit 6: Gold’s premium/discount to 10-yr real yields
Percent
Source: Bloomberg, J.P. Morgan Commodities Research
Unless our economist’s base case doesn’t track, some
form of convergence in the global growth entailing a
fading US exceptionalism together with a rebound in
Europe and stabilization in China, should set the
stage for the Fed to raise rates again in December.
After sharply repricing the Fed from mid-November
through early January, the market’s expectations had
stabilized, remaining largely data-driven (Exhibit 7).
Exhibit 7: Market expectations for Fed hikes in 2019 and 2020
Percent
Source: J.P. Morgan Commodities Research
Amidst this repricing in yields and the potential pass-
through impact on the dollar (which tends to inflect
higher when the bond market starts to anticipate further
Fed hikes), our fundamental view calls for lower gold
valuations in the near-term.
However, despite the unfavorable short-term
valuation metrics, we continue to stay bullish gold
over the medium term given its unique late-cycle
characteristics. As the business cycle is set to become
the longest on record this March, there are a lot of
uncertainties around the outlook for the US and global
economy. In the most optimistic scenario, global central
banks succeed in lifting growth, extending the cycle and
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2020 2019
5
Global
Commodities Research
Metals Quarterly
11 March 2019
Natasha Kaneva
(1-212) 834-3175
natasha.kaneva@jpmorgan.com
Gregory C. Shearer
(44-20) 7134-8161
gregory.c.shearer@jpmorgan.com
Thomas Anthonj
(44-20) 7742-7850
thomas.e.anthonj@jpmorgan.com
Ladislav Jankovic
(1-212) 834-9618
ladislav.jankovic@jpmchase.com
bumping inflation higher. Gold tends to perform
exceptionally well during such late-cycle periods, as long
as the US dollar trades at least neutral to lower.
Yet even in a more negative scenario, like if the damage
to the global supply chain from the trade war is
irreversible, or business confidence and investment don’t
recover, and hence growth continues to drift lower, and
the Fed pause turns into Fed cuts, gold also tends to
outperform. In other words, we think being long gold
over the medium-term and into 2H19 offers unique
hedges to both a bullish and bearish macro narrative.
Moreover, the metal is uniquely positioned to hedge a
range of other risks such as major policy failures like a
collapse in US-China trade talks, a hard Brexit, or a
crisis of confidence in the US dollar if the Mueller
investigation triggers the start of an impeachment
process.
Price forecasts
With the exception of aluminum, all other base metals
have already reached or exceeded our previous price
targets in 1Q. We mark-to-market slightly our 1Q19
price forecasts and see downside risk to base prices in
2Q19 relative to current spot levels given currently
stretched valuations. While copper, aluminum and nickel
likely rally again in 3Q19 on a demonstrably more stable
macro environment, zinc is expected to underperform as
growth in refined supply should be dramatic enough to
keep its price fundamentally depressed. Yet we retain a
sharp selloff in 4Q19 across the sector as we still see
dark macro clouds on the 2020 horizon (Table 1).
In precious metals, with the exception of palladium,
prices so far have behaved in line with our expectations.
At this juncture, we opt not to make any major changes
to the price trajectory for gold, silver and platinum,
continuing to see 2H19 upside. In palladium, we now
see some more intra-quarter volatility over 2Q19 and
3Q19 but retain a view that prices will ultimately retrace
into year-end.
Please see metal-by-metals sections below for further
details.
Risks to the outlook: bullish base,
balanced precious
Weaker USD (bullish base and precious): The
main risk to our view is that as global growth
stabilizes, the US dollar could weaken meaningfully,
which could lead to residual commodities strength.
Chinese Stimulus (bullish base): Our outlook for
China had envisioned that the continued policy
support would offset trade war drags, allowing GDP
growth to stabilize slightly above 6% this year. With
trade war tail risks fading, a key question is whether
the policy stimulus will ultimately deliver larger
boosts to growth than expected. Similarly, if
deleveraging efforts are rolled back, stimulus could
have more immediate bullish feed-through.
PBOC Benchmark Rate Cut (bullish base):
Similar to the point above, a benchmark rate cut
would considerably advance monetary stimulus,
opening further upside for China-linked assets.
Cycle Extension (bullish base, mixed precious): If
the recent dovish turns by central banks do indeed
mean the cycle has longer to run and recession risks
begin materially dropping this would be clearly
bullish for growth-dependent base metals. While a
lower risk of a recession would hurt safe haven
demand for precious, the ultimate price impact would
be more influenced by the Fed’s actions (see below).
Fed Hawkish Rethink (bearish precious and
base): Expectations have solidly shifted towards the
Fed being more tolerant of above 2% inflation given
the recent embrace of average inflation targeting.
However, if the Fed is not as dovish as expected in
regards to inflation (i.e. continuing its current hiking
cycle without clear signs of stronger inflation), this
would clearly be bearish for precious metals as it
would likely lead to some major repricing in rates.
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