The GNU C Library Reference Manual
The GNU C Library
Reference Manual
Sandra Loosemore
with
Richard M. Stallman, Roland McGrath, Andrew Oram, and Ulrich Drepper
for version 2.19-2014.08
(crosstool-NG linaro-1.13.1-4.9-2014.09 - Linaro GCC 4.9-2014.09)
This file documents the GNU C Library.
This is The GNU C Library Reference Manual, for version 2.19-2014.08 (crosstool-NG
linaro-1.13.1-4.9-2014.09 - Linaro GCC 4.9-2014.09).
Copyright
c
1993–2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of
the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the
Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being “Free Software Needs Free
Documentation” and “GNU Lesser General Public License”, the Front-Cover texts being
“A GNU Manual”, and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is
included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
(a) The FSF’s Back-Cover Text is: “You have the freedom to copy and modify this GNU
manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in developing GNU and promoting software
freedom.”
i
Short Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Error Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3 Virtual Memory Allocation And Paging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4 Character Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5 String and Array Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6 Character Set Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7 Locales and Internationalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
8 Message Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
9 Searching and Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
10 Pattern Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
11 Input/Output Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
12 Input/Output on Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
13 Low-Level Input/Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
14 File System Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
15 Pipes and FIFOs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
16 Sockets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
17 Low-Level Terminal Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
18 Syslog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
19 Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
20 Arithmetic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
21 Date and Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
22 Resource Usage And Limitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
23 Non-Local Exits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645
24 Signal Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
25 The Basic Program/System Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
26 Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
27 Job Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
28 System Databases and Name Service Switch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774
29 Users and Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783
30 System Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813
31 System Configuration Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830
32 DES Encryption and Password Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851
33 Debugging support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858
34 POSIX Threads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861
35 Internal probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863
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