没有合适的资源?快使用搜索试试~ 我知道了~
从污染到解决方案:全球海洋垃圾和塑料污染评估2021.pdf
1.该资源内容由用户上传,如若侵权请联系客服进行举报
2.虚拟产品一经售出概不退款(资源遇到问题,请及时私信上传者)
2.虚拟产品一经售出概不退款(资源遇到问题,请及时私信上传者)
版权申诉
0 下载量 82 浏览量
2022-11-04
15:55:37
上传
评论
收藏 15.66MB PDF 举报
温馨提示
试读
147页
从污染到解决方案:全球海洋垃圾和塑料污染评估2021.pdf
资源推荐
资源详情
资源评论
FROM POLLUTION
TO SOLUTION
A GLOBAL ASSESSMENT OF MARINE
LITTER AND PLASTIC POLLUTION
4
MARINE LITTER AND PLASTIC POLLUTION GLOBAL ASSESSMENT
Table of Contents
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................. 4
List of figures, tables, boxes
................................................................................................................ 6
Background ........................................................................................................................................... 7
Acknowledgements
.............................................................................................................................. 8
Abbreviations and acronyms ............................................................................................................... 9
Glossary of terms and definitions
..................................................................................................... 10
Foreword
............................................................................................................................................. 13
Key findings ........................................................................................................................................ 14
Introduction
........................................................................................................................................ 17
Environmental, health, economic and social impacts and risks
..................................................... 22
1.1 Evidence of biological and ecological impacts ..................................................................................................................................23
1.2 Potential risks to human health ................................................................................................................................................................33
1.3 Impacts of marine litter and plastic pollution on maritime industries........................................................................................39
1.4 Economic costs of marine litter and plastic pollution ....................................................................................................................... 41
1.5 Social impacts of marine litter and plastic pollution .........................................................................................................................43
1.6 Risk framework for marine litter and plastic pollution ..................................................................................................................... 44
Sources and pathways of marine litter and plastic Pollution ......................................................... 46
2.1 Major sources of marine litter and plastic .............................................................................................................................................. 47
pollution ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 47
2.2 Major pathways of litter and plastic pollution .....................................................................................................................................53
Monitoring methods, indicators, standards and programmes ...................................................... 64
3.1 Developments in monitoring methods ..................................................................................................................................................65
3.2 Monitoring programmes, indicators, data networks and platforms ...........................................................................................73
3.3 Networks, citizen science and community initiatives .......................................................................................................................77
3.4 Technical standards and traceability of plastics ..................................................................................................................................79
5
MARINE LITTER AND PLASTIC POLLUTION GLOBAL ASSESSMENT
Challenges, responses, innovations, solutions and opportunities ................................................ 82
4.1 The current industrial, social and governance landscape relating to marine litter and plastic pollution ......................83
4.2 Governance, legislation, coordination and cooperation ..................................................................................................................86
4.3 Business solutions and environmentally sound technologies and innovations .....................................................................98
4.4 Research and development ..................................................................................................................................................................... 105
4.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 107
Annex I .............................................................................................................................................. 109
Endnotes
............................................................................................................................................111
References ..........................................................................................................................................115
6
MARINE LITTER AND PLASTIC POLLUTION GLOBAL ASSESSMENT
List of gures, tables, boxes
Figure i: Global plastic production, accumulation and future trends ..........................................................................................................15
Figure ii: Direct risks and impacts of marine litter and plastics
...................................................................................................................... 15
Figure iii: Major sources and sinks of microplastics and marine litter
..........................................................................................................16
Figure 1: Direct risks and impacts of marine litter and plastics
......................................................................................................................20
Figure 2: Bio-based plastics are either biosourced, biodegradable polymers, or both. Where can biodegradation occur? ..27
Figure 3a: Human exposure to micro- and nanoplastic particles .................................................................................................................. 33
Figure 3b: Human exposure to plastic particles and associated chemicals
...............................................................................................34
Figure 3c: Human health impacts of exposure to plastic-associated chemicals ......................................................................................35
Figure 4: Major sources and pathways of human-generated plastic litter
................................................................................................ 44
Figure 5: Agricultural practices contributing to marine litter and plastic pollution
.............................................................................. 46
Figure 6a: Fisheries and aquaculture practices contributing to marine litter and plastic pollution ................................................ 48
Figure 6b: Fisheries and aquaculture practices contributing to marine litter and plastic pollution
................................................49
Figure 7: Natural processes aecting the distribution and fate of microplastics.....................................................................................54
Figure 8: A selection of data coordination, collection, repository and portal initiatives ......................................................................70
Figure 9: Timeline for global marine litter and plastic initiatives, law and policies ................................................................................83
Table 1: Estimates of global annual emissions of plastic litter (million metric tonnes) from land-based sources into the
marine environment ......................................................................................................................................................................................................45
Table 2: Research needs and gaps identied in this assessment
................................................................................................................ 105
Box 1: Fibres and microbres ......................................................................................................................................................................................22
Box 2: Nanoplastics .........................................................................................................................................................................................................23
Box 3: Chemicals associated with marine litter and plastics
...........................................................................................................................25
Box 4: Biological and ecological impacts of plastics labelled as biodegradable ....................................................................................28
Box 5: Properties and processes aecting the transport and degradation of plastics in the marine environment
...................52
Box 6: The Global Partnership on Marine Litter
...................................................................................................................................................72
Box 7: The Basel Convention Partnership on Plastic Waste
........................................................................................................................... 84
7
MARINE LITTER AND PLASTIC POLLUTION GLOBAL ASSESSMENT
Background
The United Nations Environment Assembly continues to address
the growing problem of marine litter, including plastics, and
microplastics, through key resolutions adopted as follows:
UNEP/EA.1/Res.6: Marine plastic debris and microplastics
(2014); UNEP/EA.2/Res.11: Marine plastic litter and microplastics
(2016); UNEP/EA.3/Res.7: Marine litter and microplastics (2017);
UNEP/EA.4/Res.6: Marine plastic litter and microplastics (2019);
and UNEP/EA.4/Res.9: Addressing single-use plastic products
pollution (2019).
In 2016 the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
published a report, Marine Plastic Debris and Microplastics –
Global Lessons and Research to Inspire Action and Guide Policy
Change,
1
in response to UNEP/EA.1/Res1.6. The report focused
on:
• identication of the key sources of marine plastic debris and
microplastics;
• possible measures and best available techniques and
environmental practices to prevent the accumulation
and minimize the level of microplastics in the marine
environment;
• recommendations for the most urgent actions;
• areas especially in need of more research, and other relevant
priority areas.
At the fourth meeting of the United Nations Environment
Assembly the Executive Director of UNEP, in resolution UNEP/
EA.4/Res.6 paragraph 2, was requested to:
“…immediately strengthen scientic and technological
knowledge with regard to marine litter including marine
plastic litter and microplastics, through the following
activities:
… (b) Compiling available scientic and other relevant
data and information to prepare an assessment on sources,
pathways and hazards of litter, including plastic litter and
microplastics pollution, and its presence in rivers and oceans;
scientic knowledge about adverse eects on ecosystems
and potential adverse eects on human health; and
environmentally sound technological innovations;”
Given that substantial new research has been conducted since
the 2016 UNEP report, this assessment provides an update by
highlighting new developments and building on the earlier
report. This assessment is intended to inform discussions at
the fth session of the United Nations Environment Assembly
(UNEA-5.2). In earlier drafts provided input to the Ad hoc open-
ended expert group on marine litter and microplastics on the
design of possible actions and the development of policy-
relevant recommendations.
In 2019 the Executive Director of UNEP established a Scientic
Advisory Committee on Marine Litter and Microplastics (SAC).
The main objective of the SAC was to provide input and
guidance during the preparation of this assessment. United
Nations Member States, members of specialized agencies,
and accredited major groups and stakeholders were invited
to nominate experts to serve as members of the SAC. Once
the SAC was established, the experts were invited to support
the development of the assessment by providing scientic
information, data, experiences, expert opinions, reviews and
advice to ensure the highest scientic quality of its content. An
in-person meeting of SAC members in February 2019, as well as
a number of online working groups and other meetings, were
organized by UNEP to guide and inform the implementation of
paragraph 2 of UNEP/EA.4/Res.6, in particular the development
of the assessment as requested in subparagraph 2(b).
The SAC members recommended that UNEP develop the
assessment based on published evidence on the sources and
drivers of marine litter, especially plastics and microplastics; the
types and volumes of plastics found in waste streams entering
the oceans and their pathways including transport between
and within dierent compartments or zones in freshwater, soil,
air and marine ecosystems, ingestion by animals and humans
and uptake by plants and microorganisms; the hazards and
impacts on oceans, marine ecosystems and human health;
existing and new monitoring and observation programmes,
including those involving citizen science; and examples
of solutions, environmentally sound technologies and risk
reduction measures. The assessment was to provide evidence to
enable policymakers and the wider public to comprehend the
magnitude and severity of the eects and risks associated with
marine litter, especially plastics and microplastics; identify gaps
in knowledge; raise awareness of solutions; and help stimulate
global interventions to control and prevent marine plastic
pollution and to safeguard human and ecological health.
In line with best practice in global assessment processes, the
assessment is based on open access publications from the peer
reviewed literature, intergovernmental and national reports,
and, where relevant, stakeholder publications. The authors and
SAC members also provided regional and national information
on interdisciplinary and contextually relevant case studies.
剩余146页未读,继续阅读
资源评论
每天读点书学堂
- 粉丝: 1023
- 资源: 1万+
下载权益
C知道特权
VIP文章
课程特权
开通VIP
上传资源 快速赚钱
- 我的内容管理 展开
- 我的资源 快来上传第一个资源
- 我的收益 登录查看自己的收益
- 我的积分 登录查看自己的积分
- 我的C币 登录后查看C币余额
- 我的收藏
- 我的下载
- 下载帮助
安全验证
文档复制为VIP权益,开通VIP直接复制
信息提交成功