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Analyzing Comprehensive QoS with Security Constraints for Services Composition Applications in Wireless Sensor Networks 本文的研究主题是“无线传感器网络中具有安全约束的服务组合应用的综合服务质量(QoS)分析”。在无线传感器网络(WSNs)环境下，服务质量(QoS)的管理是一项复杂而具有挑战性的工作。由于WSNs的开放性、动态性以及复杂性，服务组合应用(SCAs)的QoS面临严重挑战。服务质量不仅包括传统意义上的性能指标，如响应时间、吞吐量、系统可用性等，还包括安全性能。在此研究中，作者提出了一种改进的方法——矢量通用生成函数(VUGF)，它能够同时分析多个服务质量指标，包括安全性能，并在WSNs中对服务组合应用进行综合QoS分析。VUGF技术考虑了QoS指标之间的关系，相对于以往的方法具有显著的优势，因为它解决了单独分析时可能产生的片面和不准确的问题。为了确保多服务无线传感器网络的最优设计，本研究以一种新视角提出了一种新的服务质量分析工具。文章首先指出了以往研究的局限性，即大多数研究因为计算复杂度的原因，将QoS的不同指数分开到不同的领域进行独立研究，从而忽略了这些指数之间的相互影响。结果往往导致服务质量分析结果既不全面也不准确。文章进一步指出，通用生成函数（UGF）在QoS分析上显示出速度和精确度的优势，但传统的UGF一次只能分析一个QoS指标，无法同时考虑多个指标之间的相互关系。研究者们通过改进UGF技术，提出了矢量通用生成函数（VUGF），它可以同时分析多个服务质量指标，并且包括安全性在内的考量。这一方法通过数值示例表明，它可以用于评估在WSNs中受到安全约束的服务组合应用的综合QoS。因此，VUGF技术可以有效地应用于多服务WSNs的最优设计中。文章在第一部分“引言”中，首先介绍了无线传感器网络的背景，并且强调了服务质量对软件开发在多服务无线传感器网络中的基础性作用。引言中强调了服务质量分析的重要性，并提出当前研究存在的主要问题。此外，文章还介绍了与本研究主题相关的关键词，包括无线传感器网络、服务质量、安全约束、服务组合以及通用生成函数。在“引言”部分，作者对研究的动机和目的进行了详细的阐述。VUGF技术的提出旨在解决无线传感器网络环境下的多服务质量指标分析问题，特别是考虑了服务质量指标之间的相互关系，以及服务质量分析中的安全性能考量。这为无线传感器网络中多服务应用的设计和评估提供了一种新的工具和方法。文章的“引言”部分为理解整个研究提供了重要的背景信息，明确指出了研究问题所在，并提出了解决方案。同时，引言部分也为读者提供了关于无线传感器网络服务质量分析当前状况的概述，并指出了本研究的创新点和预期的贡献。此外，作者还提到了研究的结构安排，让读者对接下来的内容有一个预期。总体而言，这篇研究论文将重点放在了无线传感器网络的服务组合应用上，深入探讨了服务质量的复杂性，尤其是在考虑安全约束的情况下。VUGF技术的提出和应用展示了其在综合分析服务质量指标上的潜力，同时也展示了在无线传感器网络设计方面的应用前景。

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Sensors 2014, 14, 22706-22736; doi:10.3390/s141222706

sensors

ISSN 1424-8220

www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors

Article

Analyzing Comprehensive QoS with Security Constraints for

Services Composition Applications in Wireless Sensor Networks

Naixue Xiong

1,2

, Zhao Wu

*, Yannong Huang

and Degang Xu

School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Hubei University of Arts and Science,

Xiangyang 441053, China; E-Mails: nxiong@coloradotech.edu (N.X.);

yannonghuang@gmail.com (Y.H.); pcxinx@163.com (D.X.)

School of Computer Science, Colorado Technical University, Colorado Springs, CO 80907, USA

* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: wuzhao73@163.com;

Tel./Fax: +86-710-3593-953.

External Editor: Leonhard M. Reindl

Received: 27 July 2014; in revised form: 14 October 2014 / Accepted: 24 November 2014 /

Published: 1 December 2014

Abstract: Services composition is fundamental to software development in multi-service

wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The quality of service (QoS) of services composition

applications (SCAs) are confronted with severe challenges due to the open, dynamic, and

complex natures of WSNs. Most previous research separated various QoS indices into

different fields and studied them individually due to the computational complexity.

This approach ignores the mutual influence between these QoS indices, and leads to a

non-comprehensive and inaccurate analysis result. The universal generating function (UGF)

shows the speediness and precision in QoS analysis. However, only one QoS index at a

time can be analyzed by the classic UGF. In order to efficiently analyze the comprehensive

QoS of SCAs, this paper proposes an improved UGF technique—vector universal

generating function (VUGF)—which considers the relationship between multiple QoS

indices, including security, and can simultaneously analyze multiple QoS indices. The

numerical examples demonstrate that it can be used for the evaluation of the

comprehensive QoS of SCAs subjected to the security constraint in WSNs. Therefore, it

can be effectively applied to the optimal design of multi-service WSNs.

OPEN ACCESS

Sensors 2014, 14 22707

Keywords: wireless sensor networks; quality of service; security constraint; services

composition; universal generating function

1. Introduction

In recent years, WSNs have evolved with new features such as large scale, high device

heterogeneity and the capability of supporting multiple applications [1]. WSNs are optimized for

low-power, low-cost and a small form factor. Enterprise-IT systems are typically equipped with orders

of magnitude more resources [2]. In Enterprise-IT it is important to adapt business processes and the

underlying software infrastructure quickly and flexibly to react to changes on the markets [3]. To

achieve this goal, some organizations focus on modeling, analysis and adaptation of business

processes since the early 1990s [4]. Yet, while Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is prospering in

Enterprise-IT, WSNs have—despite contrary prognoses—not yet found their way into enterprises.

In recent years, some approaches have been presented for the seamless integration of WSNs with the

existing, widely deployed SOA technologies such as XML, Web Services, and the Business Process

Execution Language to build a service application based on wireless sensor networks [5].

In parallel with this development, WSNs are envisioned to become an integrated part of the Future

Internet where they extend the Internet to the physical world [6]. Under the combined efforts of WSNs

and Internet, these two trends lay the groundwork for a new class of applications where all kinds of

devices ranging from simple sensor nodes (SNs) to large-scale application servers interact to drive

business processes not possible before. In this way data stemmed from a WSN may influence the

control flow of a business process in real-time or even trigger a business process [7]. To achieve this

level of integration, WSNs must seamlessly interoperate with existing widely deployed SOA

technologies such as XML, Web Services, and the Business Process Execution Language to name only

a few [8]. In recent years, some approaches have been presented for the seamless integration of WSNs

with these SOA technologies to successfully build a service application based on wireless sensor

networks [9–11]. In these approaches, WSNs are packaged as some standard Web services which can

be published, located, and invoked across the Web. Therefore, based on Business Process Execution

Language (BPEL), these WSNs services can be combined into a workflow to fulfill some tasks by the

way of services composition [12–14].

The SCAs can be achieved in a centralized or distributed fashion. For simplicity, this paper uses a

centralized fashion. The WSNs Service Broker (WSB) deployed in the management server can act as a

central decision node receiving service requests from users and dispatching the service tasks to the

suitable SNs.

The SCAs in WSNs can be approximated as a three-tier architecture as shown in Figure 1, which is

composed of the request layer, the composition layer and the deployment layer. The top layer

represents the service requests from users, as well as the control instructions from system

administrators. These service requests and control instructions are submitted to the composition layer

through a firewall which improves the access security of the SCAs in WSNs by separating the

application server from the users and the administrators.

Sensors 2014, 14 22709

From the aspect of system architecture, the application of services composition in WSNs is a type of

Internet components based on WSNs services, which is built by services composition technique [15]. As a

type of abstract of distributed software system running on the Internet which is open, dynamic and difficult

to be controlled, there are many differences between the Internet components and the traditional

software system, such as structure, operation mechanism, correctness guarantees, development method

and life cycle [16]. Being different from the traditional software model, the WSNs services, as a type

of Internet components, exist in each SN on the WSNs service platform with a proactive software

service form [17].

In the framework of WSNs service system, the WSNs services composition fulfills the users’ service

request through the collaboration among the SNs. Typically, the execution route and the selection for SNs

are dynamically determined according to the operating condition during the execution of an SCA [18]. In

addition, the outside SNs can be dynamically added in a WSNs service system at any time. And it can

be selected to execute during the execution of an SCA by the late binding technology. Therefore, there is

no knowing all the SNs, as well as their operating condition and performance indices before the end of

the operation of an SCA, which are the essential differences with the traditional software. The QoS

assurance methods of the traditional software are mostly based on a software model constant

during the execution [19–21]. Thus, they are not suitable for the SCA which is based on services

composition techniques.

On the other hand, the computational burden is the crucial factor in solving optimization problems

where the QoS indices, such as cost, execution time, credibility and reputation, have to be evaluated for a

great number of possible solutions along the search process [22]. The traditional QoS assessment

methods, such as Boolean Models [23], Markov Process [24] and Monte-Carlo simulation technique [25],

have some disadvantages, either the applicability of only small-scale system or too much time

consumed for executing model [26].

Unlike the traditional software QoS assurance technique, the QoS assurance method for the application

of services composition in WSNs pays more attention to the mechanism of flexible QoS measures,

deduction and adoption based on cumulative evaluation of operation information in an open running

environment [27]. Therefore, the fast QoS optimization methods for the application of services

composition in WSNs have great theoretical research value.

In order to provide better QoS to users, SCAs must have more adaptability to collect various

changes in real-time, and to adjust online according to pre-established strategies at runtime [28].

However, with the closed, controllable and static user’s requirement in the background, the traditional

software QoS optimization methods lack the ability to dynamically adapt themselves to the changes

both in running environment and user’s requirement [29,30]. Therefore, they cannot be employed in

QoS optimization for the application of services composition in WSNs, so the fast QoS prediction

method for SCAs has an important realistic requirement.

At present, researches on QoS optimization for SCAs is still just starting. Due to the open and

dynamic running environment, continuously variable user’s requirement, randomly selected SNs and

the own characteristics of loose coupling and long transaction, the QoS optimization for the application

of services composition in WSNs are confronted with severe challenges, which seriously restrict the

further development, application and extension of the SCAs [31]. Faced with the urgent demands for

SCAs with high-reliability and high-performance from the government, economy and commerce fields

Sensors 2014, 14 22710

such as e-government, e-commerce and e-banking, fast QoS optimization is the key to promote the

successful development, application and extension of the SCAs [32], which provides a flexible and

effective mechanism of QoS measure for SCAs by deduction and adoption based on the summative

evaluation of operating information.

In recent years, many previous studies have focused on the security guarantees at the network layer

in WSNs [33,34]. However, it is impossible to assure the overall security of SCAs in WSNs only

depending on the security guarantees of the network layer [35–37]. Therefore, the security must be

considered together with other QoS indices in analyzing comprehensive QoS of SCAs in WSNs.

Therefore, this paper focuses on the comprehensive evaluation of multiple QoS indices including

security for SCAs in WSNs, which aims at providing a selection criterion for some potential solutions

for designers of SCAs. On this basis, this paper further focuses on analyzing the contribution of each SN

to the total evaluation, which aims at providing some potential optimization probabilities to the

designers. The current solutions cannot solve the above problems well. Most current researchers separate

performance, reliability, and security into different fields and study them individually. However, in fact,

performance, reliability and security are closely related and affect each other, in particular when the

WSA is implemented [38–41]. For example, when a task is divided into different ASs simultaneously

executed by SNs, the performance is high, but the reliability can be low because failure of any SN will

make the entire task incomplete. This causes the task to restart, which inversely increases its execution

time (i.e., reduces its performance). Therefore, it is worth having some redundant SNs to execute the

same AS, especially for those failure-prone SNs. However, too many redundancies, even though

improving the reliability, can decrease the performance by not fully parallelizing the execution of

different AS and considerably reduces data security as multiple replicas of the same data are processed

by different SNs, which increases the chances of unauthorized access. For different types of users (or

different usage scenarios), the security requirements may be different, which relates to the security

levels of data accessed by users. That is to say, the security of service applications based on wireless

sensor networks is interconnected with the security levels of the accessed data. In the design of the

service application system, the high security level should be used for the data with high confidentiality

to prevent the occurrence of unsafe events. For example, the probability of the occurrence of

unauthorized access can be reduced by limiting the number of redundant key nodes. Obviously, doing

so may reduce the system performance and/or reliability. Therefore, ensuring absolute security is

unrealistic in the design of a service application system. Designers usually have to compromise

between the security, the performance and the reliability. Thus, performance, reliability and security

should be studied together in WSN service analysis.

In order to assure the lowest security strength of SCAs in WSNs satisfying users’ individualized

security requirements and improve other QoS indices as much as possible, this paper studies the

analysis method for the comprehensive QoS with security constraints of SCAs in WSNs based on the

VUGF technology. Our contributions are as follows: (I) We present the working mechanisms of SCAs

in WSNs and analyze the necessity of comprehensive assessment on multiple QoS indices; (II) We

analyze the disadvantages of the classic UGF, and present a VUGF technique that can obviously

improve the efficiency on comprehensive QoS assessment in a parallel computing environment;

(III) Employing our VUGF, we present a composition calculation method of multiple QoS indices for

SCAs in WSNs, which can work out the total comprehensive QoS assessment by using a fast algebraic

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