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Possible Tailoring of the

UML for Systems

Engineering Purposes

Ingmar Ögren

Tofs Corporation, Fridhem 2, SE 76040 Veddoe, Sweden

POSSIBLE TAILORING OF THE UML FOR SYSTEMS ENGINEERING

Received March 30, 2000; accepted April 24, 2000

ABSTRACT

The Systems Engineering discipline needs a common Systems Engineering Modeling Lan-

guage (SEML). On way to create an SEML is to start with the Unified Modeling Language (UML),

created by Rational Software Inc. and originally intended for software. Some requirements on

an SEML are analyzed together with the UML. The result is that a subset of the UML, primarily

the Component diagram, can be combined with a pseudo code subset of the programming

language Ada 95 to satisfy the requirements stated. Specially requirements concerning

management of system-level missions and abilities combined with requirements on formality

and understandability causes concern with the unmodified UML, which is why the UML needs

to be both reduced and extended. The Component diagram supports architectural descrip-

tions with system components ordered, according to dependency, with the system’s missions

as top components. The result is an SEML, compatible with the UML, readily understandable

John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Syst Eng 3: 212–224, 2000

1. INTRODUCTION

Every other major engineering area (building, electric-

ity, mechanics, electronics, hydraulics, etc.) has an in-

ternational common language as a basis for mutual

understanding among practitioners. For the time being

Systems Engineering is different with various lan-

guages used to describe systems. This situation is not

very satisfactory since it hampers progress and under-

standing among practitioners and system users.

Until recently the Software Engineering community

had a similar situation. Here the problem has now, to

some extent, been solved by the advent of the Unified

Modeling Language (UML) [Rational Software, 2000;

Fowler and Scott, 1999; Larman, 1998].

For the Systems Engineering area, there are several

alternative ways to establish a common modeling lan-

guage, for example:

1. Use an existing notation, such as, for example,

the IDEF0 notation [Marca and McGowen,

Regular Paper

Systems Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 4, 2000

212

2000] and tailor it to the needs of the Systems

Engineering community.

2. Accept the existing UML, not only for software,

but also for systems engineering.

3. Tailor the UML to meet the requirements for

Systems Engineering.

4. Invent a new modeling notation for Systems En-

gineering.

To select an alternative, you need an understanding

of what the requirements on an efficient Systems Engi-

neering Modeling Language (SEML) might be. A set of

possible requirements is:

1. The SEML shall include modeling of system

components of categories Operator, Software,

and Hardware.

2. The SEML shall include modeling of a system’s

missions and abilities.

3. The SEML shall support modeling of a system’s

structure.

4. The SEML shall support modeling of a system’s

behavior.

5. The SEML shall be simple enough for practitio-

ners to learn in a short time, and its notation

should not be too difficult to explain to end-users.

6. The SEML shall include sufficient formalism to

allow automatic analysis.

The alternatives and the requirements are listed and

commented in Table I. The table indicates that the two

existing alternatives both have problems to meet the

requirements listed. To define and market a completely

new modeling notation would be a chancy enterprise,

which is the reason that the continued discussion con-

centrates on the alternative “Modified UML.”

2. THE UNIFIED MODELING LANGUAGE

(UML)

The UML was created by the “three amigos” at Rational

Software. Each of the three has an extensive back-

ground of Software Engineering and to some extent also

Systems Engineering:

• Grady Booch [1983] with a background from the

U.S. Air Force and with long experience as

“method guru” at Rational.

• Ivar Jacobsson [1992], inventor of the “use

cases,” has taught software engineers to start their

work by considering how the software is intended

to be used. He has an Ericsson background.

• James Rumbaugh [Rumbaugh et al., 1991], who

took part in development of the popular Object

Modeling Technique (OMT), while being em-

ployed by General Electric.

The UML was defined by the “three amigos” by

taking all of their favorite notations and including them

in the new modeling language (with some exceptions).

The result is a rich language, which has something for

most software engineers. This is why the UML has

rapidly become popular in the software world. The

richness is also a problem since some concepts can be

Table I Alternatives and Requirements for an SEML

POSSIBLE TAILORING OF THE UML FOR SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 213

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