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A series of polycrystalline Sr0.7-xCa0.3Ba xTiO3 (SCBT) (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.25) samples were synthesized through solid-state reaction method, and their microstructural, anti-ferroelectric (AFE), ferroelectric (FE), dielectric, and phase transition properties were investigated. With the incorporation of Ba2+ at Sr2+ site, the AFE polar phase (x = 0.0) has been sharply changed, experiencing AFE state, enhanced FE state, cooperative FE state, and normal FE state, owing to the competition and couplin
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The
interaction
of
multifold
polar
orderings
in
Ba-doped
Sr
0.7
Ca
0.3
TiO
3
T.
Wei
a
,
Q.J.
Zhou
a
,
Q.G.
Song
a
,
Z.P.
Li
a
,
S.Q.
Guo
a
,
Y.R.
Guo
a
,
Y.F.
Chen
a
,
X.L.
Qi
a
,
J.-M.
Liu
b,
*
a
College
of
Science
and
Institute
of
Low
Dimensional
Materials
and
Technology,
Civil
Aviation
University
of
China,
Tianjin
300300,
China
b
Laboratory
of
Solid
State
Microstructures,
Nanjing
University,
Nanjing
210093,
China
1.
Introduction
SrTiO
3
(STO)
is
a
peculiar
and
interesting
incipient
ferroelectric
(IFE)
[1–3]
and
displays
a
number
of
attractive
new
phenomena
due
to
the
existence
of
quantum
critical
phenomenon
[4,5].
It
exhibits
quantum
paraelectricity
(QPE)
when
the
lattice
soft
mode
of
IFE
is
suppressed
by
quantum
mechanical
effects
at
temperature
T
!
0.
This
is
a
special
case
of
quantum
saturation
of
an
order
parameter
where,
upon
cooling,
the
FE
order
parameter
fails
to
become
non-zero
due
to
quantum
fluctuations
(QFs)
[6–8].
However,
referring
to
the
high
polarizability
of
the
lattice,
STO
is
very
sensitive
to
dipole
impurities
which
can
induce
various
types
of
polar
phases,
for
example,
dipole
glass,
ferroglass,
ferroelectric
(FE),
and
anti-ferroelectric
(AFE),
etc.
[9–13].
Now,
mixed
Sr
1y
Ca
y
TiO
3
(SCTy)
is
attractive
to
researchers
because
of
its
rich
physics
relative
to
the
end
members
[14–17].
For
example,
small
ion
Ca
2+
-doping
at
the
Sr
2+
site
can
transform
STO
into
XY-type
FE
state,
ferrielectric
(FIE)
phase,
relaxor
or
dipole
glass
phase,
and
AFE
state,
etc.
[1,14,18].
It
is
believed
that
the
dipole
moment
of
the
off-center
small
ions
(e.g.,
Ca
2+
ions
in
SCT)
and
the
corresponding
reorientation
dynamic
are
considered
to
have
a
drastic
influence
upon
the
physical
properties
of
SCTy
system
[1,9,10].
For
SCTy,
the
novel
AFE
transition
driven
by
the
R
and
M
point
instabilities
in
the
paraelectric
(PE)
phase
was
not
addressed
until
recent
work
for
SCTy
at
0.12
y
0.40
[14,19].
However,
to
our
best
knowledge,
the
instability
of
AFE
phase,
particularly
the
competition
of
AFE
ordering
with
other
polar
orderings,
was
not
received
much
attention.
Here,
it
is
of
great
interest
to
research
the
possible
competition
or
coupling
interactions
between
different
polar
orderings
(if
any
exist)
which
may
allow
additional
phenomena
and
physics
to
be
discovered
yet.
To
realize
the
above
motivation,
a
sober
approach
is
the
incorporation
of
other
dipole
impurity
in
current
SCTy
system.
In
this
case,
the
quadrupole
ordering
induced
by
Ba
2+
in
STO
matrix
[12]
can
be
explored
as
an
appropriate
dipole
impurity
to
modify
the
AFE
phase
or
research
the
possible
competition
or
coupling
interactions
of
these
polar
orderings
with
different
intrinsic
polar
properties
[1,12].
Therefore,
the
major
issue
worth
addressing
is
the
interaction
between
different
polar
orderings
and
the
instability
of
the
AFE
state
against
Ba
2+
-doping
in
the
AFE
SCTy
system.
In
this
paper,
we
will
pay
our
attention
to
the
low-T
property
of
Sr
0.7x
Ca
0.3
Ba
x
TiO
3
with
relatively
stable
AFE
state
when
x
=
0.0,
and
in
particular
to
the
influence
of
Ba
2+
-doping
at
Sr
2+
-site
on
the
crystalline
structure,
AFE
behavior,
dielectric
properties,
and
phase
transitions
properties,
referring
to
the
different
polar
orderings
and
their
possible
peculiar
competition
and
coupling
interactions.
Materials
Research
Bulletin
47
(2012)
1316–1322
A
R
T
I
C
L
E
I
N
F
O
Article
history:
Received
6
November
2011
Received
in
revised
form
8
February
2012
Accepted
5
March
2012
Available
online
13
March
2012
PACS:
77.22.d
77.
80.Bh
77.84.s
Keywords:
A.
Ceramics
C.
X-ray
diffraction
D.
Dielectric
properties
D.
Ferroelectricity
A
B
S
T
R
A
C
T
A
series
of
polycrystalline
Sr
0.7x
Ca
0.3
Ba
x
TiO
3
(SCBT)
(0.0
x
0.25)
samples
were
synthesized
through
solid-state
reaction
method,
and
their
microstructural,
anti-ferroelectric
(AFE),
ferroelectric
(FE),
dielectric,
and
phase
transition
properties
were
investigated.
With
the
incorporation
of
Ba
2+
at
Sr
2+
site,
the
AFE
polar
phase
(x
=
0.0)
has
been
sharply
changed,
experiencing
AFE
state,
enhanced
FE
state,
cooperative
FE
state,
and
normal
FE
state,
owing
to
the
competition
and
coupling
interactions
of
different
polar
orderings
in
SCBT
system.
Note
that
excellent
FE
behavior
has
been
found
in
the
cooperative
FE
state.
In
addition,
the
critical
region
has
been
proposed
in
the
T
x
phase
diagram.
ß
2012
Elsevier
Ltd.
All
rights
reserved.
*
Corresponding
author.
Tel.:
+86
151
22848807;
fax:
+86
025
83595535.
E-mail
addresses:liujm@nju.edu.cn
(J.-M.
Liu),
weitong.nju@gmail.com
(T.
Wei).
Contents
lists
available
at
SciVerse
ScienceDirect
Materials
Research
Bulletin
jo
u
rn
al
h
om
ep
age:
ww
w.els
evier.c
o
m/lo
c
ate/mat
res
b
u
0025-5408/$
–
see
front
matter
ß
2012
Elsevier
Ltd.
All
rights
reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.materresbull.2012.03.013
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