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Open Journal of Geology, 2017, 7, 768-777

http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojg

ISSN Online: 2161-7589

ISSN Print: 2161-7570

DOI: 10.4236/ojg.2017.76051

June 7, 2017

The Role of Geomorphological Studies in

Development of Coastal Cities

Maryam Valadkhani, Hamidreza Naderifar

, Ardavan Behzad

Department of Geography, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Natural and unnatural factors would develop coastal areas. Coastal area is a

region that takes materials and substances from land surface then transfers

them to sea and the remained and cumulative substances of them would d

form under the effect of erosion forming the coasts appearance. Geomo

phology is the study of land and process leading to formation and develo

ment of it. Coastal geomorphology emphasizes on formation of coastal areas

and some processes such as waves, tides, and stream leading to formati

on of

boulders, coral reefs and sandy beaches. The base of this study is on analytical

comparison method of affecting variables on periodic change of shoreline in

river estuary in which statistical and image data were analyzed. This research

was conducted within three time intervals including 1955-1988, 2000-

2006,

and 2006-2013.

Wind hourly data of Meteorological Organization of Iran was

used to study waves. The fluctuation in level of Caspian Sea is an important

factor in changes in shoreline of Caspian Sea besides the role of river and pr

viding sediment output into the sea. The most area was belonged to 1995 along

with declining trend of seal level of Caspian Sea and the lowest area was b

longed to 2000 with a rising trend of sea level within three studie

d intervals.

This point indicates the effect of seal level factor on change in area of studied

intervals.

Keywords

Geomorphological Studies, Development of Coastal Cities

1. Introduction

The world shorelines indicate one of the most active natural environments.

Shorelines would make unique and extraordinary processes close to each other

that not only comprise sea processes but also include the processes resulted by

transmission of water and sediments of rivers to the sea [1] [2]. This research

How to cite this paper:

Valadkhani,

M.,

Naderifar,

H. and Behzad, A. (2017)

The

Role of Geomorphological Studies in D

eve-

lopm

ent of Coastal Cities.

Open Journal of

Geology

, 768-777.

https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2017.76051

Received:

September 16, 2016

Accepted:

June 4, 2017

Published:

June 7, 2017

7 by authors and

Scientific

Research Publishing Inc.

This work is licensed under

the Creative

Commons Attribution International

License (CC BY

4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Open Access

M. Valadkhani et al.

769

investigates the change of the velocity on seawall crown by considering the ob-

stacles in different layouts and slopes [3] [4]. It required recognizing features of

coastal areas and their stability for any planning for establishment of human ac-

tivities and exploiting from capacities of coastal areas because recognition of geo-

morphological conditions of coast would form the base of every research in field of

coastal areas [5] [6]. Compound section is referred to a section the surface of

which is made of several sub-sections with different flow characteristics [7] [8].

Geomorphology is one of the branches of natural geography and a basic axis

of geographical sciences linked to other natural and earth sciences. Geomor-

phology consists of three words of geo that means Earth, morph that means the

form, and logy that means identification. It seems that the landform science, the

Persian equivalent of geomorphology is more appropriate than the title of iden-

tification of land body used before or morphology using now for translation of

this term to Persian. Hydraulics creates an interaction between the main channel

and floodplains, resulting in an apparent shear stress and a transverse momen-

tum transfer [9] [10]. Apparently, what is understood from the combined term

of geomorphology is description of geometric shape of the ruggedness of the

Earth’s crust that comprises topography which is the branch of geomorphology.

The intended slopes for seawalls were 22, 27, 32, 39 degrees, respectively and had

the roughness heights on wall surface which were 15 cm, 20 cm and 30 cm.

Moreover, four types of roughness layouts on the wall surface were investigated

[11] [12] [13]. In summary, the knowledge territory of geomorphology not only

includes correct and perfect description of genetic ruggedness’s shapes but also

determines the effective factors, qualities and origins in changing shapes or new

formation of Earth’s crust. Breakwaters are structures which are constructed in

order to create peace in a pool of ports, to prevent port erosion, and to protect

the shipping channel [14] [15] [16]. The purpose of analysis of geomorphology

term is not just definition of this science but the important point is to become

familiar with concept, method, and methodology of this knowledge that every

researcher of Earth’s science should completely know it.

2. Research Background

There have been many conducted studies in world and regions due to impor-

tance of the subject [8]. Compared different methods for evaluation of changes

in shoreline in different areas of the world found that three methods including

WLS, RWLS, and WLAD are more prior among statistical methods [9]. Pre-

dicted changes rate equal to 1/13 meter per year using numerical method based

on geomorphological and geological features, historical evidences and fluctua-

tions of sea level in shoreline of Accra in Gulf of Guinea [10]. Predicted shore-

line changes in Puri Coast in Bay of Bengal, India using ending point amount

method and field observation for 2015 and 2025 [17]. Used linear regression and

endpoint rate to predict changing rates of shoreline of Erie Lake, Canada con-

cluded that human activities might change the predictive results. The lack of re-

search in field of predicting shoreline changes in Oran is a problem [12]. Carried

M. Valadkhani et al.

770

out two separate studies in field of prediction of change rate in shoreline of

Chabahar Region and Pejam Gulf examining the position of shoreline using sa-

tellite data. These researchers benefited from endpoint rate, least squares and

combined method to predict shoreline believing that use of combined method

has had better results compared to other statistical methods. Majority of studies

in area of shoreline of Gorgan Rood have emphasized on effecting factors on

Delta from landside or effect of sea level fluctuation less considering changes in

shoreline. Some of these studies are as follows: conducted study by [6] examin-

ing geomorphological evidences of changes in Caspian Sea level during Late Qu-

aternaryin area of Gorgan Rood River, study by [7] investigating some observa-

tions of seal level of Caspian Sea in central part of Gilan, east of Mazandaran,

and study of kakroodi

et al.

examining rapid changes in sea level of Caspian Sea

during Holocene in east south of Caspian Sea emphasizing on sea level fluctuation.

3. Research Methodology

The base of this study is on analytical comparison method of affecting variables

on periodic change of shoreline in river estuary in which statistical and image

data were analyzed. Apparent shear stress and transverse momentum transfer

resulted from it play important roles in the calculation of flow rate and second-

ary flows to identify and control the sediment transport mechanism in order for

protecting coasts, organizing rivers, designing a stable channel, analyzing scour-

ing as well as transmitting the contamination [4]. Wind hourly data of Meteoro-

logical Organization of Iran was used to study waves. This research was con-

ducted within three time intervals including 1955-1988, 2000-2006, and 2006-

2013. To study the water discharge status and estimation of sediment of rivers,

the statistics (monthly and yearly) of water flow and sediment of rivers were

prepared from Iran Water Resources Management Company. Characteristics of

waves such as height, period, length, and frequency of wave were calculated from

data of 55-year winds of Synoptic Station of Babolsar (1951-2006) using Coastal

Protection Regulations. In this method, fetch length, wind tension factor,

10-meter levels of wind speed, spatial effects, stability correction and average

wind speed during the obtained wind blowing, and finally prediction of waves

resulted from wind were calculated for wind data of Babolsar Station (Yamani

al.

, 2010). Data of statistical period of 1929-2013 of Ports and Maritime Organi-

zation in Anzali Station were used for level gauging of seawater to assess daily,

monthly, quarterly, and yearly changes. Illustration and digitalization of topo-

graphy maps, aerial photographs and satellite imagery was done through ArcGIS

Software. Preprocess, process and detection of multi-temporal satellite images

from studied area was done using Excel Software and to illustrate wind rose,

WRPOLT Software was used and to illustrate wave rose, MIKE21 Software was

used. The method of 2 equidistant profiles has been used in this study to deter-

mine changes in shoreline and recognizing the nature, place, and occurrence

time of changes in shoreline. To illustrate the mentioned profiles at the part of

coastal hinterland, a direct line was illustrated as baseline in order to assess the

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