论文研究-通过在表面改性的透明弹性聚氨酯薄膜上丝网印刷银浆制成的可拉伸应变传感器

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Materials Sciences and Applications, 2018, 9, 1008-1020

http://www.scirp.org/journal/msa

ISSN Online: 2153-1188

ISSN Print: 2153-117X

DOI:

10.4236/msa.2018.913073 Dec. 14, 2018 1008 Materials Sciences and Applications

Stretchable Strain Sensors Fabricated by

Screen Printing of Silver Paste on the Surface

Modified Transparent Elastomeric

Polyurethane Films

Chang Gyu Lee

, Bo Seok Kwon

, Hyun Min Nam

, Duck Min Seo

, Jinwoo Park

Hyuc Hwangbo

, Lee Soon Park

, Su Yong Nam

Department of Graphic Arts Information Engineering, Pukyong Natioinal University, Busan, Korea

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Korea

Screen Finetech Solutions Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan

FP Co., Ltd., Busan, Korea

Abstract

Strain sensors for human-motion detection must offer high stretchability

high sensitivity, fast response, and high recovery speed. In this study, we

choose silver paste as a sensing material and use a screen printing method to

fabricate the strain sensor based upon an electrical-resistance mechanism.

After curing elastomeric polyurethane film with a thickness of 150 µm on

PET film, the polyester resin mixed with blocked isocyanate curing agent was

coated as a masking layer to reduce the film’s stickiness. The effect of the po-

lyester masking layer upon the silver paste screen printing process was examined

using a rolling-ball-tack test, TGA analysis of polyester resins, and cured sil-

ver-electrode films. The cost-effective strain sensor fabricated by using silver

paste and screen printing processes on the stretchable-polyurethane-substrate

film showed high sensitivity and fast response in a strain range of up to 100%.

Keywords

Stretchable Strain Sensor, Screen Printing, Silver Paste

1. Introduction

Recent developments of new materials, fabrication processes, and sensing sys-

tems have contributed significantly to the achievement of thin, light-weight,

flexible, and stretchable physical sensors. These offer a novel opportunity for

How to cite this paper:

Lee, C.G., Kwon,

.S., Nam, H.M., Seo, D.M., Park, J.

Hwangbo

, H., Park, L.S. and Nam, S.Y.

(201

8) Stretchable Strain Sensors Fabri-

cated by Screen Printing of Silver Paste on

the Surface Modified Transparent Elast

meric Polyurethane Films

Materials

Sciences

and

Applications

, 1008-1020.

https://doi.org/10.4236/msa.2018.913073

Received:

November 13, 2018

Accepted:

December 11, 2018

Published:

December 14, 2018

Scientific

Research Publishing Inc.

This

work is licensed under the Creative

Commons

Attribution International

License

(CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Open Access

C. G. Lee et al.

DOI:

10.4236/msa.2018.913073 1009 Materials Sciences and Applications

human-activity monitoring and personal healthcare [1]-[7]. Flexible and stret-

chable physical sensors are capable of measuring human activities by sensing

pressure, strain, and temperature. Pressure and strain sensors have similar

structures and are based upon piezoelectricity-, piezoresistivity-, and capacit-

ance-detection mechanisms. The pressure range can be divided into low (<10

kPa), medium (<100 kPa) and high (>100 kPa) [3] subranges, while the strain

regime can be classified into two categories of small-scale motions (e.g., subtle

movement of the face, chest, and neck during emotional expression, breathing,

swallowing, and speaking), and large-scale motion (e.g., bending movement of

the hands, arms, and legs). The detection of these motions is of great importance

for the application of strain sensors to monitoring and diagnosis of the human

body for the purposes of good healthcare. Strain sensors for human-motion de-

tection need to satisfy the requirements for high stretchability, sensitivity, fast

response/recovery speeds, and durability/conformability.

Stretchable piezoelectric strain sensors have been fabricated using materials to

convert mechanical energy into electrical signals. These strain sensors have high

sensitivity, fast response and low power consumption. The sensing materials

used include P (VDF-TrFE) [8] CNT composite [9] and

ZnO NWs [10] [11]

[12]. Sun

et al.

[13] fabricated an active-matrix strain sensor based upon a gra-

phene transistor. The sensor had a piezopotential nano-generator and a copla-

nar-gate graphene transistor. Zhou

et al.

[14] designed a flexible strain sensor

based on ZnO nanowire, which exhibited sensitivity with a gage factor up to

1250, high stability, and a fast response time. Few stretchable strain sensors us-

ing capacitive mechanisms have been reported, and these have used active mate-

rials such as SWCNTs/Ecoflex/SWCNTs [3], CNTs/PDMS/CNTs [4], AgNW-

s/Ecoflex/AgNWs [15], and SWCNTs/Silicone/SWCNTs [5].

The stretchable sensors mentioned above were fabricated using expensive

piezoelectric and piezoresitive nano-materials combined with sophisticated elec-

tronic devices. To achieve stretchability, elastomeric materials such as polydi-

methyl siloxane (PDMS), polyurethane (PU), and commercial PU (Ecoflex) have

been used; however, careful modifications of the stretchable substrates have not

been studied in detail. In this study, we choose a cost-effective silver paste as a

sensing material and use a screen printing method to fabricate the strain sensor

based upon an electrical-resistance mechanism. A polyester resin mixed with

blocked isocyanate curing agent was coated onto the commercial PU (Clear Flex

30) film to

reduce the high tackiness of elastomeric PU, allowing the screen

printing process to be applied to the formation of a strain sensor using a sil-

ver-powder/resin-composite layer as an active material.

2. Experimental Methods

2.1. Fabrication of a Stretchable Film Substrate

Clear Flex 30 polyurethane (CF PU) resins A and B (Smooth-on Inc., U.S.A)

were mixed in a 50:50 wt% ratio and coated onto polyethyleneterephthalate

C. G. Lee et al.

DOI:

10.4236/msa.2018.913073 1010 Materials Sciences and Applications

(PET) film with a release layer using a bar coater. The CF PU elastomeric coat-

ing on the PET film was allowed to level for 30 min at room temperature, fol-

lowed by curing in a convection oven at 80˚C for 1 hour and at 120˚C for 2

hours. After curing the elastomeric PU film with a thickness of 150 µm onto the

PET film, the polyester resin (SK Chemical, Korea) mixed with the blocked iso-

cyanate curing agent AA6627 (EO Nanochem, Korea) was coated and, then,

thermally cured at 100˚C for 1 hour and at 120˚C for 2 hours to yield a thin film

of thickness 3 µm.

Figure 1 shows the coating machine and the multilayer

structure of the stretchable substrate film for fabricating the strain sensor.

Table

1 lists the physical data concerning the polyester resins, which were used to coat

a masking layer of thickness 3 µm on top of the elastomeric but sticky CF PU re-

sin films.

2.2. Preparation of Silver Paste

Table 2 shows the formulation of the silver paste for making the resistive strain

sensor on the stretchable PU film. Polyester resin (ES-215) with a molecular

weight of 35,000 g/mol, glass-transition temperature (Tg) of −11˚C, and soften-

ing temperature of 100˚C was used as the binder polymer of the silver paste. The

solvent 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate (ECA) was mixed with the polyester re-

sin at 50:50 wt% and, then, was stirred at 70˚C for 24 hours to create the binder

polymer solution, followed by filtration with 400-mesh filter cloth.

Three different silver particles were used to make silver paste in the polyester

solution; Ag-1 powder (flake; length = 1 - 3 µm, thickness d = 50 nm), Ag-2

powder (flake; length = 1 - 3 µm, thickness d = 100 nm), and Ag-3 powder

(flake; length = 7 µm, thickness d = 1.96 µm).

Figure 2 shows SEM images of the

Ag-1, -2, and -3 powders. The weight ratio of Ag-1:Ag-2:Ag-3 was 15:15:40 (ac-

counting for a total of 70 wt% of the silver paste), and the weight ratio of

(a)

(b)

Figure 1. (a) Multilayer structure of elastomeric PU film substrate and (b) coating ma-

chine for fabrication of a stretchable strain sensor.

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