Shift and AND ..................................................................................................................... 113
Use of Subroutines .............................................................................................................. 113
Microcomputer Hardware ................................................................................................................... 114
Central Processing Unit ....................................................................................................... 114
Memory: ROM ..................................................................................................................... 115
Memory: RAM ..................................................................................................................... 115
I/O Parallel Interface ............................................................................................................ 115
Digital-to-Analog Converter ................................................................................................... 116
Analog-to-Digital Converter ................................................................................................... 118
Sampling ............................................................................................................................ 120
Polling ................................................................................................................................ 121
Interrupts ........................................................................................................................... 121
Vectored Interrupts .............................................................................................................. 122
Microcomputer Applications in Automotive Systems ............................................................................. 122
Instrumentation Applications of Microcomputers .................................................................................. 124
Digital Filters ...................................................................................................................... 126
Microcomputers in Control Systems .................................................................................................... 128
Closed-Loop Control System ................................................................................................. 128
Limit-Cycle Controller .......................................................................................................... 128
Feedback Control Systems ................................................................................................... 128
Table Lookup ...................................................................................................................... 130
Multivariable and Multiple Task Systems ............................................................................... 132
AUTOSAR ........................................................................................................................................... 133
The technological advances in all levels of digital computers, including those found in vehicular ap-
plications, have been and continue to be rapid. A detailed description of the present state of this tech-
nology is beyond the scope of this book. The goal of this chapter is to present models for the basic
structure and operation of devices that are euphemistically termed “microcomputers.” The level of de-
scription is intended to provide a model for such devices that will assist in the explanation of their
widespread vehicular electronic applications in later chapters. Each vehicular digital electronic system
presented throughout the remainder of the book is illustrated by a block diagram in which the digital
processing operation is represented by a “microcomputer” based subsystem.
This chapter describes microcomputers and explains how they are used in instrumentation and
control systems. Topics include microcomputer fundamentals, microcomputer equipment, microcom-
puter inputs and outputs, computerized instrumentation, and computerized control systems. The spe-
cific automotive applications of microcomputers are explained in later chapters.
Individual vehicular digital electronic systems vary in configuration and operation. However, the
term “microcomputer” is used here to have a single word for characterizing the major component in
each system. The justification for using this terminology is based on the essential similarity in the
mechanisms by which the various arithmetic and logical operations are performed in a typical vehicular
digital system to those of a computer in general. This will be evident in each of the elect ronic systems
discussed throughout the remainder of this book.
Much of the material in this chapter is based on what was traditionally the model of a microcom-
puter used by the person(s) writing the code or software that controlled its operation. Although this
90 CHAPTER 3 MICROCOMPUTER INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL