PracticalOpticalSystemLayout-AndUseofStockLenses.pdf资源-CSDN文库

optics

5星 · 超过95%的资源需积分: 31 27 浏览量 2013-12-22 10:34:57 上传评论收藏 896KB PDF 举报

资源推荐

资源详情

资源评论

The Tools

1.1 Introduction, Assumptions, and

Conventions

This chapter is intended to provide the reader with the tools neces-

sary to determine the location, size, and orientation of the image

formed by an optical system. These tools are the basic paraxial equa-

tions which cover the relationships involved. The word “paraxial” is

more or less synonymous with “first-order” and “gaussian”; for our

purposes it means that the equations describe the image-forming

properties of a perfect optical system. You can depend on well-correct-

ed optical systems to closely follow the paraxial laws.

In this book we make use of certain assumptions and conventions

which will simplify matters considerably. Some assumptions will

eliminate a very small minority* of applications from consideration;

this loss will, for most of us, be more than compensated for by a large

gain in simplicity and feasibility.

Conventions and assumptions

1. All surfaces are figures of rotation having a common axis of sym-

metry, which is called the optical axis.

2. All lens elements, objects, and images are immersed in air with

an index of refraction n of unity.

Chapter

*Primarily, this refers to applications where object space and image space each has a

different index of refraction. The works cited in the bibliography should be consulted in

the event that this or other exceptions to our assumptions are encountered.

Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)

Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website.

Source: Practical Optical System Layout

3. In the paraxial region Snell’s law of refraction (n sin I  n′ sin I′)

becomes simply ni  n′i′, where i and i′ are the angles between

the ray and the normal to the surface which separates two media

whose indices of refraction are n and n′.

4. Light rays ordinarily will be assumed to travel from left to right

in an optical medium of positive index. When light travels from

right to left, as, for example, after a single reflection, the medium

is considered to have a negative index.

5. A distance is considered positive if it is measured to the right of a

reference point; it is negative if it is to the left. In Sec. 1.2 and

following, the distance to an object or an image may be measured

from (a) a focal point, (b) a principal point, or (c) a lens surface,

as the reference point.

6. The radius of curvature r of a surface is positive if its center of

curvature lies to the right of the surface, negative if the center is

to the left. The curvature c is the reciprocal of the radius, so that

c  1/r.

7. Spacings between surfaces are positive if the next (following) sur-

face is to the right. If the next surface is to the left (as after a

reflection), the distance is negative.

8. Heights, object sizes, and image sizes are measured normal to

the optical axis and are positive above the axis, negative below.

9. The term “element” refers to a single lens. A “component” may be

one or more elements, but it is treated as a unit.

10. The paraxial ray slope angles are not angles but are differential

slopes. In the paraxial region the ray “angle” u equals the dis-

tance that the ray rises divided by the distance it travels. (It

looks like a tangent, but it isn’t.)

1.2 The Cardinal (Gauss) Points and Focal

Lengths

When we wish to determine the size and location of an image, a com-

plete optical system can be simply and conveniently represented by

four axial points called the cardinal, or Gauss, points. This is true for

both simple lenses and complex multielement systems. These are the

first and second focal points and the first and second principal points.

The focal point is where the image of an infinitely distant axial object

is formed. The (imaginary) surface at which the lens appears to bend

the rays is called the principal surface. In paraxial optics this surface

2 Chapter One

The Tools

Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)

Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website.

shown in Fig. 1.1, the focal length has a positive sign according to our

sign convention. The power  of the system is the reciprocal of the

focal length f; 1/f. Power is expressed in units of reciprocal length,

e.g., in

1

or mm

1

; if the unit of length is the meter, then the unit of

power is called the diopter. For a simple lens which converges (or

bends) rays toward the axis, the focal length and power are positive; a

diverging lens has a negative focal length and power.

The back focal length bfl is the distance from the last (or right-hand)

surface of the system to the second focal point F

. The front focal

length ffl is the distance from the first (left) surface to the first focal

point F

. In Fig. 1.1, bfl is a positive distance and ffl is a negative dis-

tance. These points and lengths can be calculated by raytracing as

described in Sec. 1.5, or, for an existing lens, they can be measured.

The locations of the cardinal points for single-lens elements and

mirrors are shown in Fig. 1.2. The left-hand column shows converg-

ing, or positive, focal length elements; the right column shows diverg-

ing, or negative, elements. Notice that the relative locations of the

focal points are different; the second focal point F

is to the right for

the positive lenses and to the left for the negative. The relative posi-

tions of the principal points are the same for both. The surfaces of a

positive element tend to be convex and for a negative element concave

(exception: a meniscus element, which by definition has one convex

and one concave surface, and may have either positive or negative

power). Note, however, that a concave mirror acts like a positive, con-

verging element, and a convex mirror like a negative element.

1.3 The Image and Magnification Equations

The use of the Gauss or cardinal points allows the location and size of

an image to be determined by very simple equations. There are two

commonly used equations for locating an image: (1) Newton’s equa-

tion, where the object and image locations are specified with refer-

ence to the focal points F

and F

, and (2) the Gauss equation, where

object and image positions are defined with respect to the principal

points P

and P

Newton’s equation

x′  (1.1)

where x′ gives the image location as the distance from F

, the second

focal point; f is the focal length; and x is the distance from the first

f



4 Chapter One

The Tools

Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)

Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website.

剩余191页未读，继续阅读

评论收藏

内容反馈

playboysboys

2014-11-19

很好的入门级别的书籍
lyardan

2014-10-17

清晰。smith大师的作品，值得一看。还有另2本modern optical系列
DeepSilence_Fox

2016-07-10

好书，看了受益匪浅
bmw0501

2015-06-15

这本书确实不错，值得光学人员学习。

awei0663

粉丝: 0
资源: 2

Practical Optical System Layout- And Use of Stock Lenses.pdf

最新资源

Practical Optical System Layout- And Use of Stock Lenses.pdf

lenses.txt

redux-lenses-streaming-example-源码.rar

Optical MEMS Nanophotonics and Their Applications 2018.pdf

论文研究-Differential algebraic method for computing the high order aberrations of practical electron lenses.pdf

arff数据集全集（weka机器学习必备）

Optical System Design

CINEMATOGRAPHY & DIRECTING -- part1

CINEMATOGRAPHY & DIRECTING -part2

FSCS-Lensgenerator:使用FSharp.Compiler.Services实现的F＃Lensgenerator

Optical system and lens design for Blu-ray disc optical pick-up

Handbook of Machine and Computer Vision：The Guide for... 2nd Edi.pdf

Avago DS_AFCD-V64JZE_28G 1x4 VCSEL_2016-FEB 29.pdf

《计算机视觉：一种现在方法（高清英文第二版版）福赛斯著》

Art of Game Design - A book of Lenses

A generic camera model and calibration……fish-eye lenses

论文研究-Planar lenses based on nano-scale metallic slits in visible range.pdf

阿呆系列PhotoshopCS6

cognex视觉培训教程.pdf

Optical design and evaluation of Alvarez-type vision-training system

Qt 5实现串口调试助手 （源工程文件、0积分下载）

【SystemVerilog】路科验证V2学习笔记（全600页）.pdf

AutoSAR标准协议4.2.2

光伏-储能并网系统仿真.rar

XCP协议的规范文档

GD32替换STM32注意事项.pdf

NPPJSONViewer.zip

CANoe通过CAPL脚本实现自动测试

VS2015安装证书，JavaScript_ProjectSystem.msi，JavaScript_LanguageService.msi

蓝牙BLE协议中文版.pdf

最新资源

Qt 5实现串口调试助手（源工程文件、0积分下载）