独立主格结构是一种在英语中常见的非谓语形式,它在句子中起到状语的作用,表达时间、原因、条件、伴随等关系。这种结构由两部分组成:一是独立的主语(通常是名词或代词),二是表示状态或动作的分词、形容词、副词、不定式或介词短语。独立主格结构与with复合结构虽然在功能和意义上相似,但形式上有所区别。
1. **时间状语**:
- 独立主格结构:例如 "Winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south." 这里 "Winter coming on" 表示时间,相当于 "When winter comes"。
- with复合结构: "With the traffic light green, the bus got moving." 这里的 "With the traffic light green" 也表示时间,等同于 "As the traffic light was green"。
2. **原因状语**:
- 独立主格结构:如 "The weather terribly cold, we entered the room to warm ourselves." 这里的 "The weather terribly cold" 描述原因,相当于 "Because the weather was terribly cold"。
- with复合结构: "With the key having been lost, she could not enter the room." 这里的 "With the key having been lost" 表示原因,等同于 "Because the key had been lost"。
3. **条件状语**:
- 独立主格结构:例如 "Time permitting, we’ll visit the Summer Palace." 这里的 "Time permitting" 相当于 "If time permits"。
- with复合结构: "With the car going wrong, we’ll have to stop at the foot of the mountain." 这里的 "With the car going wrong" 代表条件,等于 "If the car goes wrong"。
4. **伴随状语**:
- 独立主格结构:如 "The mother was cleaning the house, her baby playing on the bed." 这里的 "her baby playing on the bed" 描述伴随情况。
- with复合结构: "Last night I followed him, sword in hand." 这里的 "sword in hand" 也是伴随状语,表示 "with a sword in my hand"。
需要注意的是,独立主格结构和with复合结构都不能包含动词的谓语形式,如例句 "He sat at the desk reading with a pen was in his right hand." 中的 "was" 必须去掉,改为 "He sat at the desk reading, a pen in his right hand."
此外,with复合结构可以作为后置定语修饰名词,而独立主格结构通常不承担这种角色。例如 "Soon she arrived at a park with grass green and flowers blooming." 这里的 "with grass green and flowers blooming" 是with复合结构,作为后置定语修饰 "park"。
独立主格结构和with复合结构的运用丰富了英语表达,使得句子更加生动和紧凑。在写作和口语中灵活运用这些结构,能提高语言的准确性和表达力。在学习和理解这些知识点时,要注意它们的形式差异和在句子中的功能,以便在实际应用中得心应手。