F. Stuart Chapin, III
University of Alaska Fairbanks
Institute of Arctic Biology
Department of Biology & Wildlife
Fairbanks, AK, USA
terry.chapin@alaska.edu
Peter M. Vitousek
Department of Biological Sciences
Stanford University
Stanford, CA, USA
vitousek@stanford.edu
Pamela A. Matson
School of Earth Sciences
Stanford University
Stanford, CA, USA
matson@stanford.edu
ISBN 978-1-4419-9503-2 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-9504-9
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-9504-9
Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011935993
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the
written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring
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The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even
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Cover illustrations: Temperate forest in the eastern U.S. (North Carolina), showing a complex
multi-layered canopy with sunflecks common in all canopy layers. Cover Photograph courtesy of
Norm Christensen
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
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