管卫东 gmat 试题

Q1 to Q3:

The fields of antebellum (pre-Civil

War) political history and women’s his-

tory use separate sources and focus

Line on separate issues. Political histori-

(5) ans, examining sources such as voting

records, newspapers, and politicians’

writings, focus on the emergence in the

ing on personal papers, legal records

(15)such as wills, and records of female

associations to illuminate women’s

domestic lives, their moral reform

activities, and the emergence of the

woman’s rights movement.

(20) However, most historians have

underestimated the extent and signifi-

cance of women’s political allegiance

in the antebellum period. For example,

(30)party’s rallies gathered information

that enabled them to mold party-loyal

families, reminded men of moral values

that transcended party loyalty, and con-

ferred moral standing on the party.

(35)Virginia Democrats, in response,

began to make similar appeals to

women as well. By the mid-1850’s

the inclusion of women in the rituals of

party politics had become common-

The primary purpose of the passage as a whole is to

A. examine the tactics of antebellum political parties with regard to women

B. trace the effect of politics on the emergence of the woman’s rights movement

C. point out a deficiency in the study of a particular historical period

D. discuss the ideologies of opposing antebellum political parties

E. contrast the methodologies in two differing fields of historical inquiry

A. women should enjoy more political rights than they did

B. women were the most important influences on political attitudes within a family

C. women’s reform activities reminded men of important moral values

D. women’s demonstrations at rallies would influence men’s voting behavior

E. women’s presence at rallies would enhance the moral standing of the party

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3:

According to the passage, which of the following was true of Virginia Democrats in the mid-

1850’s?

E. They imitated the Whigs’ efforts to include women in the rituals of party politics.

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Q4to Q7:

Over the last 150 years, large

stretches of salmon habitat have

been eliminated by human activity:

Line mining, livestock grazing, timber

(5) harvesting, and agriculture as well

as recreational and urban devel-

genetic diversity. This is most

evident in cases where it results

in the extinction of entire salmon

(15)populations. Indeed, most

analysts believe that some kind

of environmental degradation

underlies the demise of many

(25)one locale also have the potential

to alter the genetic structure of

populations in neighboring areas,

even if those areas have pristine

habitats. Why? Although the

(30)homing instinct of salmon to their

natal stream is strong, a fraction

of the fish returning from the sea

(rarely more than 15 percent)

stray and spawn in nearby

there disappear. Yet high rates

of straying can be problematic

because misdirected fish may

interbreed with the existing stock

(45)to such a degree that any local

adaptations that are present

become diluted. Straying

rates remain relatively low when

environmental conditions are

(50)stable, but can increase dramati-

Columbia River. For the next

couple of years, steelhead trout

(a species included among the

salmonids) returning from the

(60)sea to spawn were forced to

find alternative streams. As

a consequence, their rates of

caused by humans, there is no

(70)reason to suspect that the effect

would be qualitatively different

than what was seen in the

aftermath of the Mount Saint

Helens eruption. Such a dra-

(75)matic increase in straying from

damaged areas to more pristine

streams results in substantial

gene flow, which can in turn lower

A. argue against a conventional explanation for the extinction of certain salmon populations

and suggest an alternative

B. correct a common misunderstanding about the behavior of salmon in response to

environmental degradation caused by human activity

C. compare the effects of human activity on salmon populations with the effects of natural

disturbances on salmon populations

D. differentiate the particular effects of various human activities on salmon habitats

E. describe how environmental degradation can cause changes in salmon populations that

extend beyond a numerical reduction

A. pristine streams that are near polluted streams become polluted themselves

B. the particular adaptations of a polluted stream’s salmon population can be preserved

without dilution

C. the number of salmon in pristine habitats decreases relative to the number in polluted

streams

D. an environmentally degraded stream could be recolonized by new salmon populations

populations?

A. An increase in the size of salmon populations in some previously polluted rivers

B. A decline in the number of salmon in some rivers

C. A decrease in the number straying salmon in some rivers

D. A decrease in the gene flow between salmon populations that spawn in polluted streams

and populations that spawn in pristine streams

E. A decline in the vulnerability of some salmon populations to the effects of naturally

occurring habitat destruction

indigenous salmon population has become extinct

B. indicate the extent to which the disturbance of salmon habitat by human activity in one

stream might affect the genetic structure of salmon populations elsewhere

C. provide a standard of comparison against which the impact of human activity on the gene

flow among salmon populations should be measured

D. show how salmons’ homing instinct can be impaired as a result of severe environmental

degradation of their natal streams

E. show why straying rates in salmon populations remain generally low except when

spawning streams suffer severe environmental disturbance