一种提高电能质量的并网风能系统STATCOM控制方案

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Abstract——Injection of the wind power into an electric grid affects the power quality. The performance of the wind turbine and thereby power quality are determined on the basis of measurements and the norms followed according to the guideline specified in International Electro-technical Commission standard, IEC-61400. The influence of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are-the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to national/international guidelines. The paper study demonstrates the power quality problem due to installation of wind turbine with the grid. In this proposed scheme STATic COMpensator (STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery energy storage system (BESS) to mitigate the power quality issues. The battery energy storage is integrated to sustain the real power source under fluctuating wind power. The STATCOM control scheme for the grid connected wind energy generation system for power quality improvement is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in power system block set. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme relives the main supply source from the reactive power demand of the load and the induction generator. The development of the grid co-ordination rule and the scheme for improvement in power quality norms as per IEC-standard on the grid has been presented. 在当前的可再生能源领域，风能作为一种清洁、可再生的能源资源，正在全球范围内得到广泛的应用。然而，风力发电并网对电能质量的影响不容忽视。电能质量是电力系统稳定运行的关键因素，它涉及到电压稳定性、频率稳定性、谐波含量、闪变以及无功功率平衡等多个方面。随着风力发电容量的增加，这些问题日益突出，因此需要采取有效措施来改善电能质量。本研究论文探讨了一种基于静态同步补偿器（STATCOM）的控制方案，用于提高并网风能系统的电能质量。STATCOM是一种先进的电力电子设备，能够动态调节电网中的无功功率，以维持电压稳定和改善电网性能。通过与电池能量存储系统（BESS）相结合，该方案可以应对风力发电的波动性，确保在风速变化时提供稳定的有功功率输出。论文指出，按照国际电工委员会（IEC）标准61400，风力发电并网后会对电能质量产生一系列影响，如主动功率和无功功率的波动、电压变化、闪烁、谐波以及开关操作的电气行为等。这些影响需要依据国内外相关标准进行测量和评估。作者通过MATLAB/SIMULINK仿真平台的电力系统块集，模拟了采用STATCOM控制策略的并网风能发电系统，以验证该方案的有效性。在风力发电系统中，STATCOM与BESS的结合可以在风力不稳定时提供必要的无功支持，减轻主电源和感应发电机的无功功率需求。这种协调控制策略不仅有助于维持电网的电压稳定，还能改善电能质量指标，满足IEC标准的要求。此外，论文还提出了改进电网协调规则的方案，以进一步提升电能质量。该论文提出的STATCOM控制策略为解决风力发电并网带来的电能质量问题提供了一个创新的解决方案。通过与BESS的集成，该方案能够有效缓解风能系统的不稳定性，保障电网的稳定运行，为可持续发展的能源系统提供了有力的技术支持。在未来的研究中，这将为更广泛的可再生能源并网应用提供理论依据和技术参考。

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346 IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL, VOL. 4, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2010

A STATCOM-Control Scheme for Grid Connected

Wind Energy System for Power Quality Improvement

Sharad W. Mohod, Member, IEEE, and Mohan V. Aware

Abstract—Injection of the wind power into an electric grid

affects the power quality. The performance of the wind turbine

and thereby power quality are determined on the basis of mea-

surements and the norms followed according to the guideline

speciﬁed in International Electro-technical Commission stan-

dard, IEC-61400. The inﬂuence of the wind turbine in the grid

system concerning the power quality measurements are-the active

power, reactive power, variation of voltage, ﬂicker, harmonics,

and electrical behavior of switching operation and these are

measured according to national/international guidelines. The

paper study demonstrates the power quality problem due to

installation of wind turbine with the grid. In this proposed scheme

STATic COMpensator (STATCOM) is connected at a point of

common coupling with a battery energy storage system (BESS) to

mitigate the power quality issues. The battery energy storage is

integrated to sustain the real power source under ﬂuctuating wind

power. The STATCOM control scheme for the grid connected

wind energy generation system for power quality improvement

is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in power system block

set. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme relives the main

supply source from the reactive power demand of the load and the

induction generator. The development of the grid co-ordination

rule and the scheme for improvement in power quality norms as

per IEC-standard on the grid has been presented.

Index Terms—International electro-technical commission (IEC),

power quality, wind generating system (WGS).

I. INTRODUCTION

O have sustainable growth and social progress, it is nec-

essary to meet the energy need by utilizing the renew-

able energy resources like wind, biomass, hydro, co-genera-

tion, etc In sustainable energy system, energy conservation and

the use of renewable source are the key paradigm. The need

to integrate the renewable energy like wind energy into power

system is to make it possible to minimize the environmental

impact on conventional plant [1]. The integration of wind en-

ergy into existing power system presents a technical challenges

and that requires consideration of voltage regulation, stability,

power quality problems. The power quality is an essential cus-

tomer-focused measure and is greatly affected by the opera-

tion of a distribution and transmission network. The issue of

power quality is of great importance to the wind turbine [2].

Manuscript received December 01, 2009; revised February 02, 2010; ac-

cepted February 02, 2010. Date of publication June 28, 2010; date of current

version September 01, 2010.

The authors are with the Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology,

Nagpur, India (e-mail:.sharadmohod@rediffmail.com; mva_win@yahoo.com).

Color versions of one or more of the ﬁgures in this paper are available online

at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.

Digital Object Identiﬁer 10.1109/JSYST.2010.2052943

There has been an extensive growth and quick development in

the exploitation of wind energy in recent years. The individual

units can be of large capacity up to 2 MW, feeding into distri-

bution network, particularly with customers connected in close

proximity [3]. Today, more than 28 000 wind generating turbine

are successfully operating all over the world. In the ﬁxed-speed

wind turbine operation, all the ﬂuctuation in the wind speed are

transmitted as ﬂuctuations in the mechanical torque, electrical

power on the grid and leads to large voltage ﬂuctuations. During

the normal operation, wind turbine produces a continuous vari-

able output power. These power variations are mainly caused

by the effect of turbulence, wind shear, and tower-shadow and

of control system in the power system. Thus, the network needs

to manage for such ﬂuctuations. The power quality issues can

be viewed with respect to the wind generation, transmission

and distribution network, such as voltage sag, swells, ﬂickers,

harmonics etc. However the wind generator introduces distur-

bances into the distribution network. One of the simple methods

of running a wind generating system is to use the induction gen-

erator connected directly to the grid system. The induction gen-

erator has inherent advantages of cost effectiveness and robust-

ness. However; induction generators require reactive power for

magnetization. When the generated active power of an induction

generator is varied due to wind, absorbed reactive power and

terminal voltage of an induction generator can be signiﬁcantly

affected. A proper control scheme in wind energy generation

system is required under normal operating condition to allow the

proper control over the active power production. In the event of

increasing grid disturbance, a battery energy storage system for

wind energy generating system is generally required to compen-

sate the ﬂuctuation generated by wind turbine. A STATCOM-

based control technology has been proposed for improving the

power quality which can technically manages the power level

associates with the commercial wind turbines. The proposed

STATCOM control scheme for grid connected wind energy gen-

eration for power quality improvement has following objectives.

• Unity power factor at the source side.

• Reactive power support only from STATCOM to wind

Generator and Load.

• Simple bang-bang controller for STATCOM to achieve fast

dynamic response.

The paper is organized as fallows. The Section II introduces

the power quality standards, issues and its consequences of wind

turbine. The Section III introduces the grid coordination rule

for grid quality limits. The Section IV describes the topology

for power quality improvement. The Sections V, VI, VII de-

scribes the control scheme, system performance and conclusion

respectively.

Authorized licensed use limited to: Jiangsu University. Downloaded on February 22,2021 at 03:22:44 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

MOHOD AND AWARE: STATCOM-CONTROL SCHEME FOR GRID CONNECTED WIND ENERGY SYSTEM 347

II. POWER QUALITY

STANDARDS,ISSUES

AND

ITS

CONSEQUENCES

A. International Electro Technical Commission Guidelines

The guidelines are provided for measurement of power

quality of wind turbine. The International standards are de-

veloped by the working group of Technical Committee-88 of

the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC), IEC

standard 61400-21, describes the procedure for determining the

power quality characteristics of the wind turbine [4].

The standard norms are speciﬁed.

1) IEC 61400-21: Wind turbine generating system, part-21.

Measurement and Assessment of power quality character-

istic of grid connected wind turbine

2) IEC 61400-13: Wind Turbine—measuring procedure in

determining the power behavior.

3) IEC 61400-3-7: Assessment of emission limit for ﬂuctu-

ating load IEC 61400-12: Wind Turbine performance.

The data sheet with electrical characteristic of wind turbine

provides the base for the utility assessment regarding a grid

connection.

B. Voltage Variation

The voltage variation issue results from the wind velocity

and generator torque. The voltage variation is directly related

to real and reactive power variations. The voltage variation is

commonly classiﬁed as under:

• Voltage Sag/Voltage Dips.

• Voltage Swells.

• Short Interruptions.

• Long duration voltage variation.

The voltage ﬂicker issue describes dynamic variations in the

network caused by wind turbine or by varying loads. Thus the

power ﬂuctuation from wind turbine occurs during continuous

operation. The amplitude of voltage ﬂuctuation depends on grid

strength, network impedance, and phase-angle and power factor

of the wind turbines. It is deﬁned as a ﬂuctuation of voltage in

a frequency 10–35 Hz. The IEC 61400-4-15 speciﬁes a ﬂicker

meter that can be used to measure ﬂicker directly.

C. Harmonics

The harmonic results due to the operation of power electronic

converters. The harmonic voltage and current should be limited

to the acceptable level at the point of wind turbine connection to

the network. To ensure the harmonic voltage within limit, each

source of harmonic current can allow only a limited contribu-

tion, as per the IEC-61400-36 guideline. The rapid switching

gives a large reduction in lower order harmonic current com-

pared to the line commutated converter, but the output current

will have high frequency current and can be easily ﬁlter-out.

D. Wind Turbine Location in Power System

The way of connecting the wind generating system into the

power system highly inﬂuences the power quality. Thus the op-

eration and its inﬂuence on power system depend on the struc-

ture of the adjoining power network.

E. Self Excitation of Wind Turbine Generating System

The self excitation of wind turbine generating system

(WTGS) with an asynchronous generator takes place after

disconnection of wind turbine generating system (WTGS)

with local load. The risk of self excitation arises especially

when WTGS is equipped with compensating capacitor. The

capacitor connected to induction generator provides reactive

power compensation. However the voltage and frequency are

determined by the balancing of the system. The disadvantages

of self excitation are the safety aspect and balance between real

and reactive power [5].

F. Consequences of the Issues

The voltage variation, ﬂicker, harmonics causes the mal-

function of equipments namely microprocessor based control

system, programmable logic controller; adjustable speed drives,

ﬂickering of light and screen. It may leads to tripping of con-

tractors, tripping of protection devices, stoppage of sensitive

equipments like personal computer, programmable logic con-

trol system and may stop the process and even can damage of

sensitive equipments. Thus it degrade the power quality in the

grid.

III. G

RID

COORDINATION RULE

The American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) led the ef-

fort in the united state for adoption of the grid code for the inter-

connection of the wind plants to the utility system. The ﬁrst grid

code was focused on the distribution level, after the blackout in

the United State in August 2003. The United State wind energy

industry took a stand in developing its own grid code for con-

tributing to a stable grid operation. The rules for realization of

grid operation of wind generating system at the distribution net-

work are deﬁned as-per IEC-61400-21. The grid quality char-

acteristics and limits are given for references that the customer

and the utility grid may expect. According to Energy-Economic

Law, the operator of transmission grid is responsible for the or-

ganization and operation of interconnected system [6].

1) Voltage Rise (u): The voltage rise at the point of common

coupling can be approximated as a function of maximum ap-

parent power

of the turbine, the grid impedances R and

X at the point of common coupling and the phase angle

[7],

given in (1)

(1)

where

—voltage rise, —max. apparent power,

—phase difference, —is the nominal voltage of grid.

The Limiting voltage rise value is

2) Voltage Dips (d): The voltage dips is due to start up of

wind turbine and it causes a sudden reduction of voltage. It is

the relative % voltage change due to switching operation of wind

turbine. The decrease of nominal voltage change is given in (2).

(2)

where

is relative voltage change, rated apparent power,

short circuit apparent power, and sudden voltage reduction

factor. The acceptable voltage dips limiting value is

Authorized licensed use limited to: Jiangsu University. Downloaded on February 22,2021 at 03:22:44 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

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