level0全球1级流域矢量数据资源-CSDN文库

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全球12级流域矢量数据.zip （8个子文件）

hybas_as_lev00_v1c.dbf 34.45MB

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HydroBASINS_TechDoc_v1c.pdf 263KB

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HydroBASINS

Global watershed boundaries and sub-basin delineations

derived from HydroSHEDS data at 15 second resolution

Technical Documentation Version 1.c

(with and without inserted lakes)

prepared by Bernhard Lehner

(bernhard.lehner@mcgill.ca)

July, 2014

1. Overview and background

This documentation accompanies a series of polygon layers that depict watershed boundaries and

sub-basin delineations at a global scale. The goal of this product is to provide a seamless global

coverage of consistently sized and hierarchically nested sub-basins at different scales (from tens

to millions of square kilometers), supported by a coding scheme that allows for analysis of

watershed topology such as up- and downstream connectivity.

Watershed boundaries provide important geospatial units for many applications, but at a global

scale there is a lack of high-quality mapping sources. The HydroSHEDS database (Hydrological

data and maps based on SHuttle Elevation Derivatives; Lehner et al. 2008; for more information

see http://www.hydrosheds.org

) provides hydrographic data layers that allow for the derivation

of watershed boundaries for any given location based on the near-global, high-resolution SRTM

digital elevation model. Using this hydrographic information, watersheds were delineated in a

consistent manner at different scales, and a hierarchical sub-basin breakdown was created

following the topological concept of the Pfafstetter coding system (Verdin & Verdin 1999). The

resulting polygon layers are termed HydroBASINS and represent a subset of the HydroSHEDS

database.

The HydroBASINS product has been developed on behalf of World Wildlife Fund US (WWF),

with support and in collaboration with the EU BioFresh project, Berlin, Germany; the

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Cambridge, UK; and McGill University,

Montreal, Canada. Major funding for this project was provided to WWF by Sealed Air

Corporation; additional funding was provided by BioFresh and McGill University.

HydroBASINS is covered by the same License Agreement as the HydroSHEDS database, which

is available at http://www.hydrosheds.org. By downloading and using the data the user agrees to

the terms and conditions of this license.

Citations and acknowledgements of the HydroBASINS data should be made as follows:

Lehner, B., Grill G. (2013): Global river hydrography and network routing: baseline data and

new approaches to study the world’s large river systems. Hydrological Processes, 27(15):

2171–2186. Data is available at www.hydrosheds.org.

HydroBASINS Technical Documentation v1.c

2. Methods and data characteristics

All HydroBASINS layers were derived from World Wildlife Fund’s HydroSHEDS data (Lehner

et al. 2008; Lehner and Grill 2013) based on a grid resolution of 15 arc-seconds (approximately

500 m at the equator). For more information please refer to the Technical Documentation of

HydroSHEDS at http://www.hydrosheds.org. It should be noted that the quality of the

HydroSHEDS data is significantly lower for regions above 60 degrees northern latitude as there

is no underlying SRTM elevation data available and thus a coarser scale DEM has been inserted

(HYDRO1k provided by USGS; see http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/GCMD_HYDRO1k.html).

2.1 Creation of sub-basin geometry

An important characteristic of any sub-basin delineation is the sub-basin breakdown, i.e. the

decision of when and how to subdivide a larger basin into multiple tributary basins. Standard

GIS tools offer the possibility to break out sub-watersheds at any confluence where the inflowing

branches (i.e., a tributary and its main stem) exceed a certain size threshold, typically measured

as the number of upstream pixels or the upstream catchment area. HydroBASINS follows the

same concept and divides a basin into two sub-basins at every location where two river branches

meet which each have an individual upstream area of at least 100 km

. It should be noted that

this concept still allows for smaller sub-basins to occur, namely the inter-basins between the

tributaries (which can have any smaller

size). Also, sub-basins can grow to sizes

much larger than the 100 km

threshold if

there is no tributary joining the main stem

for a long distance. This inconsistency due

to “oversized” sub-basins has been

addressed and reduced in HydroBASINS by

forcing additional subdivisions for every

sub-basin larger than 250 km

: these

polygons are split into appropriately sized

sub-basins by introducing break points

along their main stem rivers.

2.2 Nested grouping and coding

A second critical feature of sub-basin

delineations is the way the sub-basins are

grouped or coded to allow for the breakout

of nested sub-basins at different scales, or

to navigate within the sub-basin network

from up- to downstream. One of the easiest

methods for navigation is to provide the ID

of the next downstream object, which

allows for moving from object to object in

order to traverse the network. As for nesting

and topological concepts, the ‘Pfafstetter’

coding system is frequently used due to its

HydroBASINS Technical Documentation v1.c

relative simplicity and ease of application. The basic principle of the Pfafstetter coding is that a

larger basin is sequentially subdivided into 9 smaller units (the 4 largest tributaries, coded with

even numbers, and the 5 inter-basins, coded with odd numbers). Thus, the next finer resolution

of a sub-basin delineation is achieved at the next Pfafstetter level by adding one digit to the code

of the previous level. A more detailed description of the Pfafstetter coding is provided in

literature (e.g., Verdin and Verdin 1999). The concept has successfully been applied both

globally (e.g., HYDRO1k; USGS 2000) and regionally (e.g., Australia; Stein et al. 2014).

The HydroBASINS product follows the Pfafstetter concept and provides levels 1 to 12 globally.

There are several aspects of the Pfafstetter coding, however, which have not been designed for

global applications, thus the following modifications and updates were implemented:

• The first 3 levels of Pfafstetter codes for HydroBASINS were assigned manually. Level 1

distinguishes 9 continents (1 = Africa; 2 = Europe; 3 = Siberia; 4 = Asia; 5 = Australia; 6 =

South America; 7 = North America; 8 = Arctic of North America; 9 = Greenland); Level 2

splits each continent into up to 9 large sub-units; and at Level 3 the largest river basins of

each continent start to break out. From Level 4 onwards, the breakdown follows the

traditional Pfafstetter coding (with further modifications as explained below).

• To provide a unique Pfafstetter code for every basin worldwide, the seeding of first-level

coding numbers, as well as the successive seeding of all basins as they start to break out at

higher Pfafstetter levels, starts at the north-eastern tip of the African continent and continues

counter-clockwise around the continental coasts (Europe, Siberia, Asia, followed by

Australia and the Americas). Islands are inserted into the sequence at appropriate (nearest)

locations.

• The original Pfafstetter scheme was not designed to provide nested coding for islands. To

incorporate islands as sub-units of continents, they have been grouped manually in

HydroBASINS following the hierarchical Pfafstetter concept. For example, at Level 1 New

Zealand is part of the Australian continent, at Level 2 both islands of New Zealand break out

as one unit, and at Level 3 the North and South Islands are separated into their own units.

• Similarly to islands, there is no provision in the Pfafstetter scheme regarding the integration

of endorheic basins (i.e., inland sinks that do not drain to the ocean). In HydroBASINS,

endorheic basins have been grouped and then seeded with initial Pfafstetter codes manually

(similar to islands) to provide a hierarchical nesting. The nesting may start with lumped

groups of endorheic basins at lower levels and ends with the individual endorheic basins at

higher levels. Once an endorheic basin is isolated, the standard Pfafstetter coding is used to

continue the subdivision of the endorheic basin into smaller sub-basins.

• A second issue regarding endorheic basins—in particular for smaller ones—is that at the

lower Pfafstetter levels only large river basins are broken out. Many large river basins,

however, contain small endorheic basins inside them or adjacent to their watershed divide.

For example, the Nile Basin contains many small endorheic basins in the dry middle region

which are not connected to the main river via surface water flows yet are typically considered

to be part of the overall basin (as they may be hydrologically connected via groundwater). In

order to allow for these endorheic basins to be lumped with the larger river basin, and to

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