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International Telecommunication Union

ITU-T

H.264

TELECOMMUNICATION

STANDARDIZATION SECTOR

OF ITU

(11/2007)

SERIES H: AUDIOVISUAL AND MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS

Infrastructure of audiovisual services – Coding of moving

video

Advanced video coding for generic audiovisual

services

ITU-T Recommendation H.264

ITU-T Rec. H.264 (11/2007) i

ITU-T Recommendation H.264

Advanced video coding for generic audiovisual services

Summary

This Recommendation | International Standard represents an evolution of the existing video coding standards (H.261,

H.262, and H.263) and it was developed in response to the growing need for higher compression of moving pictures for

various applications such as videoconferencing, digital storage media, television broadcasting, Internet streaming, and

communication. It is also designed to enable the use of the coded video representation in a flexible manner for a wide

variety of network environments. The use of this Recommendation | International Standard allows motion video to be

manipulated as a form of computer data and to be stored on various storage media, transmitted and received over existing

and future networks and distributed on existing and future broadcasting channels.

The revision approved 2005-03 contained modifications of the video coding standard to add four new profiles, referred

to as the High, High 10, High 4:2:2, and High 4:4:4 profiles, to improve video quality capability and to extend the range

of applications addressed by the standard (for example, by including support for a greater range of picture sample

precision and higher-resolution chroma formats). Additionally, a definition of new types of supplemental data was

specified to further broaden the applicability of the video coding standard. Finally, a number of corrections to errors in

the published text were included.

Corrigendum 1 to ITU-T Rec. H.264 corrected and updated various minor aspects to bring the ITU-T version of the text

up to date relative to the April 2005 output status approved as a new edition of the corresponding jointly-developed and

technically-aligned text ISO/IEC 14496-10. It additionally fixed a number of minor errors and needs for clarification and

defined three previously-reserved sample aspect ratio indicators.

Amendment 1 "Support of additional colour spaces and removal of the High 4:4:4 Profile" contained alterations to

ITU-T Rec. H.264 | ISO/IEC 14496-10 Advanced Video Coding to specify the support of additional colour spaces and to

remove the definition of the High 4:4:4 Profile.

NOTE – ITU-T Rec. H.264 is a twin text with ISO/IEC 14496-10 and this amendment is published in two different documents in

the ISO/IEC series:

– The removal of the High 4:4:4 profile is found in ISO/IEC 14496-10:2005/Cor.2.

– The specification for support of additional colour space will be found in ISO/IEC 14496-10:2005/Amd.1.

Amendment 2 "New profiles for professional applications" contained extensions to ITU-T Rec. H.264 | ISO/IEC 14496-

10 Advanced Video Coding to specify the support of five additional profiles intended primarily for professional

applications (the High 10 Intra, High 4:2:2 Intra, High 4:4:4 Intra, CAVLC 4:4:4 Intra, and High 4:4:4 Predictive

profiles) and two new types of supplemental enhancement information (SEI) messages (the post-filter hint SEI message

and the tone mapping information SEI message).

Amendment 3 "Scalable video coding" contained extensions to ITU-T Rec. H.264 | ISO/IEC 14496-10 Advanced Video

Coding to specify a scalable video coding extension in three profiles (the Scalable Baseline, Scalable High, and Scalable

High Intra profiles).

The H.264 edition published in 2005-11 included the text approved 2005-03 and its Corrigendum 1 approved 2005-09.

H.264 (2005) Amd.2 (2007) was available only as pre-published text since it was superseded by H.264 Amd.3 (11/2007)

before its publication; further, H.264 Amd.3 was not published separately. This third edition integrates into the H.264

edition published in 2005-11 all changes approved in Amendments 1 (2006-06), 2 (2007-04) and 3 (2007-11).

Source

ITU-T Recommendation H.264 was approved on 22 November 2007 by ITU-T Study Group 16 (2005-2008) under the

ITU-T Recommendation A.8 procedure.

ii ITU-T Rec. H.264 (03/2005)

FOREWORD

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the United Nations specialized agency in the field of

telecommunications, information and communication technologies (ICTs). The ITU Telecommunication

Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of ITU. ITU-T is responsible for studying technical,

operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to standardizing

telecommunications on a worldwide basis.

The World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly (WTSA), which meets every four years,

establishes the topics for study by the ITU-T study groups which, in turn, produce Recommendations on

these topics.

The approval of ITU-T Recommendations is covered by the procedure laid down in WTSA Resolution 1.

In some areas of information technology which fall within ITU-T's purview, the necessary standards are

prepared on a collaborative basis with ISO and IEC.

NOTE

In this Recommendation, the expression "Administration" is used for conciseness to indicate both a

telecommunication administration and a recognized operating agency.

Compliance with this Recommendation is voluntary. However, the Recommendation may contain certain

mandatory provisions (to ensure e.g. interoperability or applicability) and compliance with the

Recommendation is achieved when all of these mandatory provisions are met. The words "shall" or some

other obligatory language such as "must" and the negative equivalents are used to express requirements. The

use of such words does not suggest that compliance with the Recommendation is required of any party.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

ITU draws attention to the possibility that the practice or implementation of this Recommendation may

involve the use of a claimed Intellectual Property Right. ITU takes no position concerning the evidence,

validity or applicability of claimed Intellectual Property Rights, whether asserted by ITU members or others

outside of the Recommendation development process.

As of the date of approval of this Recommendation, ITU had received notice of intellectual property,

protected by patents, which may be required to implement this Recommendation. However, implementers

are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information and are therefore strongly urged to consult the

TSB patent database at http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/ipr/

prior written permission of ITU.

ITU-T Rec. H.264 (11/2007) iii

CONTENTS

Page

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................xix

0 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................................1

0.1 Prologue ...............................................................................................................................................................1

0.2 Purpose.................................................................................................................................................................1

0.3 Applications..........................................................................................................................................................1

0.4 Publication and versions of this specification ......................................................................................................1

0.5 Profiles and levels.................................................................................................................................................2

0.6 Overview of the design characteristics.................................................................................................................3

0.6.1 Predictive coding ........................................................................................................................................ 3

0.6.2 Coding of progressive and interlaced video................................................................................................ 3

0.6.3 Picture partitioning into macroblocks and smaller partitions...................................................................... 3

0.6.4 Spatial redundancy reduction...................................................................................................................... 4

0.7 How to read this specification ..............................................................................................................................4

1 Scope..........................................................................................................................................................................4

2 Normative references................................................................................................................................................4

3 Definitions..................................................................................................................................................................5

4 Abbreviations..........................................................................................................................................................13

5 Conventions.............................................................................................................................................................13

5.1 Arithmetic operators...........................................................................................................................................13

5.2 Logical operators................................................................................................................................................14

5.3 Relational operators...........................................................................................................................................14

5.4 Bit-wise operators...............................................................................................................................................14

5.5 Assignment operators .........................................................................................................................................15

5.6 Range notation....................................................................................................................................................15

5.7 Mathematical functions.......................................................................................................................................15

5.8 Variables, syntax elements, and tables ...............................................................................................................16

5.9 Text description of logical operations ................................................................................................................17

5.10 Processes ............................................................................................................................................................18

6 Source, coded, decoded and output data formats, scanning processes, and neighbouring relationships........18

6.1 Bitstream formats................................................................................................................................................18

6.2 Source, decoded, and output picture formats .....................................................................................................18

6.3 Spatial subdivision of pictures and slices ...........................................................................................................23

6.4 Inverse scanning processes and derivation processes for neighbours................................................................24

6.4.1 Inverse macroblock scanning process....................................................................................................... 24

6.4.2 Inverse macroblock partition and sub-macroblock partition scanning process......................................... 25

6.4.2.1 Inverse macroblock partition scanning process .................................................................................... 26

6.4.2.2 Inverse sub-macroblock partition scanning process.............................................................................. 26

6.4.3 Inverse 4x4 luma block scanning process................................................................................................. 27

6.4.4 Inverse 4x4 Cb or Cr block scanning process for ChromaArrayType equal to 3 ..................................... 27

6.4.5 Inverse 8x8 luma block scanning process................................................................................................. 27

6.4.6 Inverse 8x8 Cb or Cr block scanning process for ChromaArrayType equal to 3 ..................................... 28

6.4.7 Derivation process of the availability for macroblock addresses.............................................................. 28

6.4.8 Derivation process for neighbouring macroblock addresses and their availability................................... 28

6.4.9 Derivation process for neighbouring macroblock addresses and their availability in MBAFF frames .... 29

6.4.10 Derivation processes for neighbouring macroblocks, blocks, and partitions............................................ 29

6.4.10.1 Derivation process for neighbouring macroblocks.............................................................................. 30

6.4.10.2 Derivation process for neighbouring 8x8 luma block ......................................................................... 30

6.4.10.3 Derivation process for neighbouring 8x8 chroma blocks for ChromaArrayType equal to 3 .............. 31

6.4.10.4 Derivation process for neighbouring 4x4 luma blocks........................................................................ 31

6.4.10.5 Derivation process for neighbouring 4x4 chroma blocks.................................................................... 32

6.4.10.6 Derivation process for neighbouring 4x4 chroma blocks for ChromaArrayType equal to 3 .............. 32

6.4.10.7 Derivation process for neighbouring partitions................................................................................... 32

6.4.11 Derivation process for neighbouring locations ......................................................................................... 34

6.4.11.1 Specification for neighbouring locations in fields and non-MBAFF frames ...................................... 34

6.4.11.2 Specification for neighbouring locations in MBAFF frames .............................................................. 35

7 Syntax and semantics .............................................................................................................................................37

7.1 Method of specifying syntax in tabular form ......................................................................................................37

7.2 Specification of syntax functions, categories, and descriptors ...........................................................................38