非谓语动词是英语语法中的一个重要概念，它指的是在句子中不作谓语，但具有动词特征的词或短语。非谓语动词包括不定式（to do）、动名词（doing）和分词（现在分词v-ing和过去分词v-ed）。这些形式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等成分，丰富了语言表达的多样性。
1. 在例句“Mary wrote a letter to her parents, saying she missed them and was studying hard.”中，“saying”是非谓语动词，作为伴随状语，说明Mary写信的同时在表达思念之情。由于say与Mary之间是主动关系，所以使用现在分词形式。
2. “To compete more effectively with others, more and more people equip themselves with a higher education.”中，“To compete”是非谓语动词，作目的状语，表明人们接受高等教育的目的是为了更有效地竞争。
3. “There's a supermarket to be built in this area next month!”中，“to be built”是非谓语动词，表示将来被动的动作，超市将在下个月被建造。
4. “Judging from his accent, he is from the south of China.”中，“Judging”是非谓语动词短语，通常用作独立结构，不考虑逻辑主语。
5. “I can feel something climbing up my leg! It must be an insect.”中，“climbing”是非谓语动词，作宾语补足语，说明感觉到的东西正在爬行。
6. “This drug is less likely to cause side effects when taken late in the day.”中，“taken”是非谓语动词，与主语“this drug”构成被动关系，表示药物被服用。
7. “We are eager to see concrete measures against smog taken in the near future.”中，“seen”是非谓语动词，作宾语“measures”的补足语，强调措施被采取。
8. “Amazed at his final score, he decided to treat himself to a big dinner.”中，“Amazed”是非谓语动词，表示他因分数感到惊讶，与主语“he”构成被动关系。
9. “He addicted to computer games, his parents were very worried about his future.”中，“addicted”是非谓语动词，构成独立主格结构，表示他沉迷于游戏。
10. “In Singapore, people caught eating in public can be fined.”中，“caught”是非谓语动词，表示被抓住的行为，与主语“people”构成被动关系。
非谓语动词的运用能准确地表达动作与句子其他部分的关系，使得语言表达更加精确和丰富。在学习和使用中，需要理解其在句子中的功能和语义，以及与主语之间的关系，从而正确使用各种非谓语动词形式。
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