《C++初学者指南》资源-CSDN文库

4星 · 超过85%的资源需积分: 13 54 浏览量 2009-06-20 07:18:38 上传评论 1 收藏 706KB PDF 举报

### 《C++ 初学者指南》知识点梳理 #### C++ 的历史背景（CRITICAL SKILL 1.1） - **起源与基础**：C++ 的历史起源于 C 语言，它是在 C 语言的基础上发展起来的一种编程语言。C++ 之所以能够成为现代软件开发中的主流语言之一，与其强大的功能和广泛的应用范围密不可分。 - **C 语言对 C++ 的影响**：由于 C++ 是在 C 语言基础上构建的，因此可以说 C++ 包含了所有 C 语言的功能，并在此基础上进行了扩展和增强。这意味着学习 C++ 的同时，也会掌握 C 语言的基础知识。 - **对象导向编程的支持**：C++ 最显著的特点之一是支持面向对象编程(OOP)，这使得开发者能够更加高效地管理代码，并提高了代码的复用性和可维护性。 #### C++ 与 Java 和 C# 的关系（CRITICAL SKILL 1.2） - **C++ 与 Java、C# 的联系**：C++ 对 Java 和 C# 的发展有着深远的影响。这两种语言在语法和设计理念上都借鉴了 C++ 的某些特点。 - **设计哲学的传承**：尽管 Java 和 C# 都有自己的特性，但它们的设计哲学仍然受到了 C++ 的启发。例如，Java 的“一次编写，到处运行”(Write Once, Run Anywhere, WORA)理念就是在 C++ 的基础上进行改进的结果。 - **语言特性对比**：在学习 C++ 时，理解这些语言之间的相似性和差异性是非常重要的，这对于跨语言编程有着显著的帮助。 #### 面向对象编程简介（CRITICAL SKILL 1.3） - **OOP 基本概念**：面向对象编程是一种程序设计范式，其中数据和行为被封装在一起形成对象。这种封装有助于提高代码的安全性和复用性。 - **核心概念**：了解类(class)、对象(object)、继承(inheritance)、多态(polymorphism)等概念是掌握面向对象编程的关键。 #### 第一个简单的 C++ 程序（CRITICAL SKILL 1.4） - **基本结构**：第一个程序通常是一个简单的“Hello World”程序，用于展示 C++ 程序的基本结构，包括头文件的包含、主函数(main function)的定义以及基本的输入输出操作。 - **代码解读**：通过分析这个简单的程序，初学者可以快速了解 C++ 程序的基本组成元素。 #### 第二个简单的 C++ 程序（CRITICAL SKILL 1.5） - **进阶实践**：第二个程序通常会涉及更复杂的逻辑，如变量声明、赋值和基本的数据类型。 - **练习目的**：通过编写这样的程序，可以帮助初学者更好地理解和应用所学的概念。 #### 使用运算符（CRITICAL SKILL 1.6） - **运算符介绍**：了解 C++ 中不同类型的运算符及其用法对于编写有效的代码至关重要。常见的运算符包括算术运算符、比较运算符和逻辑运算符等。 - **示例代码**：通过具体的示例来解释各种运算符的工作原理。 #### 从键盘读取输入（CRITICAL SKILL 1.7） - **标准输入流**：`cin` 是 C++ 中用于从键盘读取输入的标准输入流。掌握如何使用 `cin` 进行用户交互是学习 C++ 的一个重要环节。 - **输入验证**：在处理用户输入时，确保数据的有效性和正确性是非常重要的。通过编写适当的验证逻辑可以避免潜在的错误。 #### 脚本项目 1-1：英尺到米的转换（Project 1-1 Converting Feet to Meters） - **实际应用**：通过一个具体的项目来巩固所学知识，该项目涉及简单的数学计算。 - **代码实现**：实现一个程序，将用户输入的英尺数转换为相应的米数。 #### 控制语句（CRITICAL SKILL 1.8） - **条件语句**：if 语句和 switch 语句用于根据不同的条件执行不同的代码块。 - **循环语句**：while 循环和 for 循环用于重复执行一段代码，直到满足特定条件为止。 #### 使用代码块（CRITICAL SKILL 1.9） - **代码组织**：使用大括号 `{}` 来表示代码块，可以清晰地定义代码的作用域。 - **作用域规则**：理解变量的作用域对于避免命名冲突和提高代码质量非常重要。 #### 脚本项目 1-2：生成英尺到米的转换表（Project 1-2 Generating a Table of Feet to Meter Conversions） - **综合实践**：通过创建一个转换表来进一步提高编程技能，这个项目涉及到控制结构、函数调用等多个知识点的综合运用。 #### 函数的引入（CRITICAL SKILL 1.10） - **函数定义**：函数是一段可重用的代码，用于完成特定的任务。 - **参数传递**：理解函数参数是如何传递的，以及函数返回值的使用方法。 #### C++ 关键字（CRITICAL SKILL 1.11） - **关键字列表**：C++ 中有许多保留字，如 `int`、`float`、`if`、`else` 等，了解这些关键字对于编写合法的 C++ 程序至关重要。 - **作用与用法**：每个关键字都有其特定的作用和用法，在编程实践中需要熟练掌握。 #### 标识符（CRITICAL SKILL 1.12） - **命名规则**：标识符用于命名变量、函数等。理解标识符的命名规则有助于编写易于阅读和维护的代码。 - **命名约定**：遵循一定的命名约定不仅有助于提高代码的质量，也有利于团队协作。通过上述知识点的梳理，读者可以对 C++ 有一个全面而深入的理解。这不仅有助于初学者快速入门 C++，也为进一步深入学习打下了坚实的基础。

资源推荐

资源详情

资源评论

C++ A Beginner’s Guide by Herbert Schildt

Module 1

C++ Fundamentals

Table of Contents

CRITICAL SKILL 1.1: A Brief History of C++ .................................................................................................... 2

CRITICAL SKILL 1.2: How C++ Relates to Java and C# .................................................................................... 5

CRITICAL SKILL 1.3: Object-Oriented Programming ...................................................................................... 7

CRITICAL SKILL 1.4: A First Simple Program ................................................................................................ 10

CRITICAL SKILL 1.5: A Second Simple Program ........................................................................................... 15

CRITICAL SKILL 1.6: Using an Operator ....................................................................................................... 17

CRITICAL SKILL 1.7: Reading Input from the Keyboard ............................................................................... 19

Project 1-1 Converting Feet to Meters ....................................................................................................... 24

CRITICAL SKILL 1.8: Two Control Statements .............................................................................................. 26

CRITICAL SKILL 1.9: Using Blocks of Code ................................................................................................... 30

Project 1-2 Generating a Table of Feet to Meter Conversions ................................................................... 33

CRITICAL SKILL 1.10: Introducing Functions ................................................................................................ 35

CRITICAL SKILL 1.11: The C++ Keywords ..................................................................................................... 38

CRITICAL SKILL 1.12: Identifiers................................................................................................................... 39

If there is one language that defines the essence of programming today, it is C++. It is the preeminent

language for the development of high-performance software. Its syntax has become the standard for

professional programming languages, and its design philosophy reverberates throughout computing.

C++ A Beginner’s Guide by Herbert Schildt

C++ is also the language from which both Java and C# are derived. Simply stated, to be a professional

programmer implies competency in C++. It is the gateway to all of modern programming.

The purpose of this module is to introduce C++, including its history, its design philosophy, and several

of its most important features. By far, the hardest thing about learning a programming language is the

fact that no element exists in isolation. Instead, the components of the language work together. This

interrelatedness makes it difficult to discuss one aspect of C++ without involving others. To help

overcome this problem, this module provides a brief overview of several C++ features, including the

general form of a C++ program, some basic control statements, and operators. It does not go into too

many details, but rather concentrates on the general concepts common to any C++ program.

CRITICAL SKILL 1.1: A Brief History of C++

The history of C++ begins with C. The reason for this is easy to understand: C++ is built upon the

foundation of C. Thus, C++ is a superset of C. C++ expanded and enhanced the C language to support

object-oriented programming (which is described later in this module). C++ also added several other

improvements to the C language, including an extended set of library routines. However, much of the

spirit and flavor of C++ is directly inherited from C. Therefore, to fully understand and appreciate C++,

you need to understand the “how and why” behind C.

C: The Beginning of the Modern Age of Programming

The invention of C defines the beginning of the modern age of programming. Its impact should not be

underestimated because it fundamentally changed the way programming was approached and thought

about. Its design philosophy and syntax have influenced every major language since. C was one of the

major, revolutionary forces in computing.

C was invented and first implemented by Dennis Ritchie on a DEC PDP-11 using the UNIX operating

system. C is the result of a development process that started with an older language called BCPL. BCPL

was developed by Martin Richards. BCPL influenced a language called B, which was invented by Ken

Thompson and which led to the development of C in the 1970s.

Prior to the invention of C, computer languages were generally designed either as academic exercises or

by bureaucratic committees. C was different. It was designed, implemented, and developed by real,

working programmers, reflecting the way they approached the job of programming. Its features were

honed, tested, thought about, and rethought by the people who actually used the language. As a result,

C attracted many proponents and quickly became the language of choice of programmers around the

world.

C grew out of the structured programming revolution of the 1960s. Prior to structured programming,

large programs were difficult to write because the program logic tended to degenerate into what is

known as “spaghetti code,” a tangled mass of jumps, calls, and returns that is difficult to follow.

Structured languages addressed this problem by adding well-defined control statements, subroutines

C++ A Beginner’s Guide by Herbert Schildt

with local variables, and other improvements. Using structured languages, it became possible to write

moderately large programs.

Although there were other structured languages at the time, such as Pascal, C was the first to

successfully combine power, elegance, and expressiveness. Its terse, yet easy-to-use syntax coupled

with its philosophy that the programmer (not the language) was in charge quickly won many converts. It

can be a bit hard to understand from today’s perspective, but C was a breath of fresh air that

programmers had long awaited. As a result, C became the most widely used structured programming

language of the 1980s.

The Need for C++

Given the preceding discussion, you might be wondering why C++ was invented. Since C was a successful

computer programming language, why was there a need for something else? The answer is complexity.

Throughout the history of programming, the increasing complexity of programs has driven the need for

better ways to manage that complexity. C++ is a response to that need. To better understand the

correlation between increasing program complexity and computer language development, consider the

following.

Approaches to programming have changed dramatically since the invention of the computer. For

example, when computers were first invented, programming was done by using the computer’s front

panel to toggle in the binary machine instructions. As long as programs were just a few hundred

instructions long, this approach worked. As programs grew, assembly language was invented so that

programmers could deal with larger, increasingly complex programs by using symbolic representations

of the machine instructions. As programs continued to grow, high-level languages were developed to

give programmers more tools with which to handle the complexity.

The first widely used computer language was, of course, FORTRAN. While FORTRAN was a very

impressive first step, it is hardly a language that encourages clear, easy-to-understand programs. The

1960s gave birth to structured programming, which is the method of programming encouraged by

languages such as C. With structured languages it was, for the first time, possible to write moderately

complex programs fairly easily. However, even with structured programming methods, once a project

reaches a certain size, its complexity exceeds what a programmer can manage. By the late 1970s, many

projects were near or at this point.

In response to this problem, a new way to program began to emerge: object-oriented programming

(OOP). Using OOP, a programmer could handle larger, more complex programs. The trouble was that C

did not support object-oriented programming. The desire for an object-oriented version of C ultimately

led to the creation of C++.

In the final analysis, although C is one of the most liked and widely used professional programming

languages in the world, there comes a time when its ability to handle complexity is exceeded. Once a

program reaches a certain size, it becomes so complex that it is difficult to grasp as a totality. The

C++ A Beginner’s Guide by Herbert Schildt

purpose of C++ is to allow this barrier to be broken and to help the programmer comprehend and

manage larger, more complex programs.

C++ Is Born

C++ was invented by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979, at Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey. He

initially called the new language “C with Classes.” However, in 1983 the name was changed to C++.

Stroustrup built C++ on the foundation of C, including all of C’s features, attributes, and benefits. He also

adhered to C’s underlying philosophy that the programmer, not the language, is in charge. At this point,

it is critical to understand that Stroustrup did not create an entirely new programming language.

Instead, he enhanced an already highly successful language.

Most of the features that Stroustrup added to C were designed to support object-oriented

programming. In essence, C++ is the object-oriented version of C. By building upon the foundation of C,

Stroustrup provided a smooth migration path to OOP. Instead of having to learn an entirely new

language, a C programmer needed to learn only a few new features before reaping the benefits of the

object-oriented methodology.

When creating C++, Stroustrup knew that it was important to maintain the original spirit of C, including

its efficiency, flexibility, and philosophy, while at the same time adding support for object-oriented

programming. Happily, his goal was accomplished. C++ still provides the programmer with the freedom

and control of C, coupled with the power of objects.

Although C++ was initially designed to aid in the management of very large programs, it is in no way

limited to this use. In fact, the object-oriented attributes of C++ can be effectively applied to virtually

any programming task. It is not uncommon to see C++ used for projects such as editors, databases,

personal file systems, networking utilities, and communication programs. Because C++ shares C’s

efficiency, much high-performance systems software is constructed using C++. Also, C++ is frequently

the language of choice for Windows programming.

The Evolution of C++

Since C++ was first invented, it has undergone three major revisions, with each revision adding to and

altering the language. The first revision was in 1985 and the second in 1990. The third occurred during

the C++ standardization process. Several years ago, work began on a standard for C++. Toward that end,

a joint ANSI (American National Standards Institute) and ISO (International Standards Organization)

standardization committee was formed. The first draft of the proposed standard was created on January

25, 1994. In that draft, the ANSI/ISO C++ committee (of which I was a member) kept the features first

defined by Stroustrup and added some new ones. But, in general, this initial draft reflected the state of

C++ at the time.

Soon after the completion of the first draft of the C++ standard, an event occurred that caused the

standard to be greatly expanded: the creation of the Standard Template Library (STL) by Alexander

Stepanov. The STL is a set of generic routines that you can use to manipulate data. It is both powerful

C++ A Beginner’s Guide by Herbert Schildt

and elegant. But it is also quite large. Subsequent to the first draft, the committee voted to include the

STL in the specification for C++. The addition of the STL expanded the scope of C++ well beyond its

original definition. While important, the inclusion of the STL, among other things, slowed the

standardization of C++.

It is fair to say that the standardization of C++ took far longer than anyone had expected. In the process,

many new features were added to the language, and many small changes were made. In fact, the

version of C++ defined by the ANSI/ISO C++ committee is much larger and more complex than

Stroustrup’s original design. The final draft was passed out of committee on November 14, 1997, and an

ANSI/ISO standard for C++ became a reality in 1998. This is the specification for C++ that is usually

referred to as Standard C++.

The material in this book describes Standard C++. This is the version of C++ supported by all mainstream

C++ compilers, including Microsoft’s Visual C++. Thus, the code and information in this book are fully

portable.

CRITICAL SKILL 1.2: How C++ Relates to Java and C#

In addition to C++, there are two other important, modern programming languages: Java and C#. Java

was developed by Sun Microsystems, and C# was created by Microsoft. Because there is sometimes

confusion about how these two languages relate to C++, a brief discussion of their relationship is in

order.

C++ is the parent for both Java and C#. Although both Java and C# added, removed, and modified

various features, in total the syntax for these three languages is nearly identical. Furthermore, the

object model used by C++ is similar to the ones used by Java and C#. Finally, the overall “look and feel”

of these languages is very similar. This means that once you know C++, you can easily learn Java or C#.

The opposite is also true. If you know Java or C#, learning C++ is easy. This is one reason that Java and C#

share C++’s syntax and object model; it facilitated their rapid adoption by legions of experienced C++

programmers.

The main difference between C++, Java, and C# is the type of computing environment for which each is

designed. C++ was created to produce high-performance programs for a specific type of CPU and

operating system. For example, if you want to write a program that runs on an Intel Pentium under the

Windows operating system, then C++ is the best language to use.

Ask the Expert

Q: How do Java and C# create cross-platform, portable programs, and why can’t C++ do the same?

A: Java and C# can create cross-platform, portable programs and C++ can’t because of the type of

object code produced by the compiler. In the case of C++, the output from the compiler is machine code

剩余40页未读，继续阅读

评论收藏

内容反馈

烈火风中丶

2012-10-16

还不错哦！很适合初学者！
lyj4522

2012-10-02

现在想看点书的人真难呀，都要给自己表表功
ccccwoele

2012-01-21

身为初学者还真是辛苦哇，《C++ 初学者指南》纯英文，英语不好读起来有点难度

考拉86

粉丝: 1
资源: 5

《C++ 初学者指南》

C++入门指南-v2.4.pdf

C++初学者指南

C++ Beginner's Guide， C++初学者指南

C++初学者指南（原版）

C++ Beginer&amp;#039;s Guide by Herbert Schildt (C++ 初学者指南)

c++初学者指南，微软msdn推荐教程

C++学习指南（语法篇）代码+pdf(pdf可直接打印)

C++ Beginner's Guide

C++ A Beginner's Guide(2nd) 无水印转化版pdf

C++ Beginner's Guide 《C++ 初学者指南》

C++初学指南

c++初学者学习指南

C++ 初学者指南.pdf

C++初学者指南 第十一篇 中文

C++初学者指南 第十一篇

C++初学者入门指南第四篇 中文

C++初学者入门指南第三篇

C++ Beginner's Guide 2nd

《C++ 入门》.PDF

C++编程指南（据说是初学者必看的）

快速入门的一些C\C++书籍

C++ 初学者指南.docx

C++初学者入门指南第七篇 中文word

C++初学者指导

高质量c++c编程指南_c++编程_

Dev c++初学者用的判断你肥不肥

最新资源

C++ Beginer's Guide by Herbert Schildt (C++ 初学者指南)

C++初学者指南第十一篇中文

C++初学者指南第十一篇

C++初学者入门指南第四篇中文

C++初学者入门指南第七篇中文word