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MySQL Cluster Evaluation Guide

Getting the most out of your MySQL Cluster Evaluation

A MySQL

Technical White Paper

October 2016

Table of Contents

1! Introduction+...................................................................................................................................+3!

2! What+is+MySQL+Cluster?+..................................................................................................................+3!

2.1! MySQL!Cluster!Architecture!.........................................................................................................................................................!3!

3! Key+New+Features+of+MySQL+Cluster+...............................................................................................+5!

4! Points+to+Consider+Before+Starting+an+Evaluation+............................................................................+6!

4.1! Will!MySQL!Cluster!“out!of!the!box”!run!an!application!faster!than!my!existing!MySQL!database?!............!6!

4.2! How!do!I!install!MySQL!Cluster?!................................................................................................................................................!6!

4.3! Does!the!database!need!to!run!on!a!particular!operating!system?!.............................................................................!7!

4.4! Will!the!entire!database!fit!in!memory?!..................................................................................................................................!7!

4.5! Does!the!application!make!use!of!complex!JOIN!operations?!........................................................................................!8!

4.6! Does!the!application!make!extensive!use!of!full!table!scans?!........................................................................................!9!

4.7! Does!the!database!require!Foreign!Keys?!..............................................................................................................................!9!

4.8! Does!the!application!require!full-text!search?!.....................................................................................................................!9!

4.9! How!will!MySQL!Cluster!perform!compared!to!other!storage!engines?!...................................................................!9!

4.10! Does!MySQL!Cluster’s!data!distribution!add!complexity!to!my!application!and!limit!the!types!of!

queries!I!can!run?!.......................................................................................................................................................................................!11!

4.11! What!does!my!application!observe!during!the!(sub-second)!failover!of!a!node?!............................................!11!

4.12! Where!does!MySQL!Cluster!sit!with!respect!to!the!CAP!(Consistency,!!Availability!&!Performance)!

Theorem?!.......................................................................................................................................................................................................!12!

5! Evaluation+Best+Practices+..............................................................................................................+12!

5.1! Hardware!............................................................................................................................................................................................!12!

5.2! Performance!metrics!.....................................................................................................................................................................!13!

5.3! Test!tools!............................................................................................................................................................................................!14!

5.4! SQL!and!NoSQL!interfaces!...........................................................................................................................................................!14!

5.5! Data!model!and!query!design!....................................................................................................................................................!15!

5.6! Using!disk!data!tables!or!in-memory!tables!........................................................................................................................!17!

5.7! User!defined!partitioning!and!distribution!awareness!..................................................................................................!17!

5.8! Parallelizing!applications!an d!o th er !tips!..............................................................................................................................!18!

6! Advice+Concerning+Configuration+Files+..........................................................................................+19!

6.1! config.ini!..............................................................................................................................................................................................!19!

6.2! my.cnf!...................................................................................................................................................................................................!20!

7! Sanity+Check+.................................................................................................................................+20!

7.1! A!few!basic!tests!to!confirm!the!Cluster!is!ready!for!testing!........................................................................................!20!

8! Troubleshooting+...........................................................................................................................+21!

8.1! Table!Full!(Memory!or!Disk)!......................................................................................................................................................!21!

8.2! Space!for!REDO!Logs!Exhausted!...............................................................................................................................................!24!

8.3! Deadlock!Timeout!...........................................................................................................................................................................!25!

8.4! Distribution!Changes!.....................................................................................................................................................................!25!

9! Conclusion+....................................................................................................................................+25!

10! Additional+Resources+..................................................................................................................+26!

1 Introduction

The purpose of this guide is to enable you to efficiently evaluate the MySQL Cluster database and

determine if it is the right choice for your application, whether as part of a new project or an

upgrade to an existing service.

This guide presents a brief overview of the MySQL Cluster database before then discussing:

• Considerations before initiating an evaluation

• Evaluation best practices

• Configuration options and sanity checking

• Troubleshooting

By following the recommendations in this Guide, you will be able to quickly and effectively evaluate

MySQL Cluster and ultimately accelerate the time to market of your new service.

2 What is MySQL Cluster?

MySQL Cluster is a write-scalable, real-time in-memory, ACID-compliant transactional database,

combining 99.999% availability with the low TCO of open source. Designed around a distributed,

multi-master architecture with no single point of failure, MySQL Cluster scales horizontally on

commodity hardware with auto-sharding to serve read and write intensive workloads, accessed via

SQL and NoSQL interfaces.

MySQL Cluster's real-time design delivers predictable, millisecond response times with the ability

to service millions of operations per second. Support for in-memory and disk-based data, automatic

data partitioning (sharding) with load balancing and the ability to add nodes to a running cluster

with zero downtime allows linear database scalability to handle the most unpredictable workloads.

MySQL Cluster integrates the standard MySQL server with a clustered storage engine called NDB.

The data within a MySQL Cluster can therefore be accessed via various MySQL connectors like

PHP, Java or .NET as well as standard SQL. Data can also be accessed and manipulated directly

using MySQL Cluster’s native NoSQL NDB API. This C++ interface provides fast, low-level

connectivity to data stored in a MySQL Cluster.

Additional NoSQL interfaces are available that access the cluster through the NDB API. Java

applications can get easy and efficient access to the data by using MySQL Cluster Connector for

Java which provides two object-relational mapping persistence solutions – ClusterJ or ClusterJPA

– both frameworks go directly to the NDB API rather than using JDBC and the MySQL Server. Both

ClusterJ and JPA directly map Java objects to relational tables in the MySQL Cluster database. In

MySQL Cluster 7.2, a plug-in for Memcached was introduced which enables Memcached clients to

directly access tables via the standard Memcached protocol. MySQL 7.3 also added a driver for

Node.js which provides direct access (not via SQL) to the data for JavaScript code running in an

application server.

2.1 MySQL Cluster Architecture

Architecturally, MySQL Cluster consists of three different node types, each serving a dedicated role

in delivering 99.999% availability with real time performance and linear scalability of both read and

write operations.

Figure 1shows a simplified architecture diagram of a MySQL Cluster consisting of twelve Data

Nodes split across six node groups.

Figure 1 MySQL Cluster architecture

Data Nodes are the main nodes of a MySQL Cluster. They provide the following functionality:

• Storage and management of both in-memory and disk-based data

• Automatic and user defined partitioning (sharding) of tables

• Synchronous replication of data between data nodes

• Transactions and data retrieval

• Automatic fail over

• Automatic resynchronization after failure for self-healing

Tables are automatically sharded across the data nodes, and each data node is a master

accepting write operations, making it very simple to scale write-intensive workloads across

commodity nodes, with complete application transparency.

By storing and distributing data in a shared-nothing architecture, i.e. without the use of a shared-

disk, and synchronously replicating data to at least one replica, if a Data Node happens to fail,

there will always be another Data Node storing the same information. This allows for requests and

transactions to continue to be satisfied without interruption. Any transactions which are aborted

during the short (sub-second) failover window following a Data node failure are rolled back and can

be re-run.

It is possible to choose how to store data; either all in memory or with some on disk (non-indexed

data only). In-memory storage can be especially useful for data that is frequently changing (the

active working set). Data stored in-memory is routinely check pointed to disk locally and

coordinated across all Data Nodes so that the MySQL Cluster can be recovered in case of a

complete system failure – such as a power outage. Disk-based data can be used to store data with

less strict performance requirements, where the data set is bigger than the available RAM. As with

most other database servers, a page-cache is used to cache frequently used disk-based data in

the Data Nodes’ memory in order to increase the performance.

Application Nodes provide connectivity from the application logic to the data nodes. Applications

can access the database using SQL through one or many MySQL Servers performing the function

of SQL interfaces into the data stored within a MySQL Cluster. When going through a MySQL

Server, any of the standard MySQL connectors can be used

, offering a wide range of access

technologies.

http://www.mysql.com/downloads/connector/

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