同业竞争者
替代产品和服务
行业壁垒
上游供应商
议价能力
消费者和分销渠道
的议价能力
a. By making the overall industry
more efficient, the internet can
expand the size of the market.
b. The proliferation of internet
approaches creates new
substitution threats.
a. Eliminates powerful
channels or improves
bargaining power over
traditional channels.
b. Shifts bargaining power to
end consumers.
c. Reduces switching costs.
a. Reduces differences among
competitors as offerings are
difficult to keep proprietary.
b. Migrates competition to price.
c. Widens the geographic market,
increasing the number of
competitors
d. Lowers variable cost relative to
fixed cost, increasing pressures for
price discounting.
a. Reduces barriers to entry as the
need for a sales force, access to
channels, and physical assets –
anything that internet technology
eliminates or makes easier to do
reduces barriers to entry.
b. Internet applications are difficult to
keep proprietary form new entrants.
c. A flood of new entrants has come
into many industries.
a. Procurement using the internet
tends to raise bargaining power
over suppliers, though it can also
give suppliers access to more
customers.
b. The internet provides a channel for
suppliers to reach end users,
reducing the leverage of
intervening companies.
c. Internet procurement and digital
markets tend to give all companies
equal access to suppliers, and
gravitate procurement to
standardized products that reduce
differentiation.
d. Reduced barriers to entry and the
proliferation of competitors
downstream shifts power to
suppliers.
How the Internet Influences Industry Structure
(Porter, Michael 2001)
