Communication Networks (2
nd
Edition) Chapter 4 Solutions
Leon-Garcia/Widjaja 5
location, on average, a non-alternating pattern will be discovered on the third observation, at
which time the synchronizer will move one bit forward to the next bit.
Thus, the average number of bits elapsed until the synchronizer observes the framing bit is:
Average number of bits elapsed until frame bit found
= 96.5 x [(2 x 193) + 1] = 37345 bits
At this point, the synchronizer will begin observing the framing bit. It can’t be sure that it has
located the framing bit until an alternating pattern has been observed for a sufficient number of
bits, say n. The synchronizer can never be sure that it has locked onto the frame bit, so n must
be chosen sufficiently large so that the synchronizer is reasonably confident that it has indeed
found the frame bit.
9. The CEPT-1 carrier system uses a framing byte at the beginning of a frame.
a. Suppose that all frames begin with the same byte pattern. What is the probability that this
pattern occurs elsewhere in the frame? Assume that each information bit takes a value of 0 or
1 independently and with equal probability.
The probability that random information matches the framing pattern is quite small:
p = (½)
8
=1/256
b. Consider an arbitrary information bit position in the frame. Calculate the average number of
times that the byte beginning in this bit position needs to be observed before it is found to not
be the framing byte.
The length N of a CEPT frame is 32 bytes, so N=256. The average number of frames M
observed before a location mismatches the framing pattern is:
8
8
2
22
)2/1(1
)2/1(
1)1(
1
)1(
...321){1(...)1(2)1(1)1(0
−
=
−
=
−
−=
+++−=+−+−+−=
p
p
p
pp
pppppppppM
The first observation usually indicates that this is not the right position.
c. Now suppose that the frame synchronizer begins at a random bit position in the frame.
Suppose the synchronizer observes the byte beginning in the given bit position until it
observes a violation of the alternating pattern. Calculate the average number of bits that
elapse until the frame synchronizer locks onto the framing byte.
The average number of bits observed until the beginning of frame is found is then:
bitsNMN
N
256)
2
11
2/12
(
2
2
)1
2
11
2/1
(
2
2
)1(
2
8
88
8
88
≈
−
−
=+
−
=+
10. Suppose a multiplexer has two input streams, each at a nominal rate of 1 Mbps. To accommodate
deviations from the nominal rate, the multiplexer transmits at a rate of 2.2 Mbps as follows. Each
group of 22 bits in the output of the multiplexer contains 18 positions that always carry information
bits, nine from each input. The remaining four positions consist of two flag bits and two data bits.
Each flag bit indicates whether the corresponding data bit carries user information or a stuff bit
because user information was not available at the input.
每一个抄通信网答案的学生都是头疼的天使----Laofuzi