非谓语动词是英语语法中的一个重要概念,它在句子中担任除谓语之外的各种语法功能,如定语、状语、宾语等。在高考英语备考中,掌握非谓语动词的用法至关重要。以下是对非谓语动词的详细解释:
1. **过去分词**(如 drawn):当非谓语动词与其修饰的名词之间存在被动关系时,通常使用过去分词。例如,在句子 "The writer has won the hearts of millions of children with the rich stories drawn from her childhood memories." 中,"drawn" 表示故事是被作者从她的童年记忆中提取出来的。
2. **动词不定式**(如 To receive):动词不定式常用来表示目的或结果,如 "To receive your purchases in time, make sure the express company knows your address exactly." 这里,"To receive" 是目的状语,表明确保快递公司知道地址是为了按时收到商品。
3. **现在分词完成式**(如 Having completed):当非谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词之前,且与主语之间是主动关系时,可以使用现在分词的完成式。例如:"Having completed his overseas study, he was eventually employed by his dream company." 在这个句子中,"Having completed" 表示“完成学业”发生在“被雇佣”之前。
4. **现在分词**(如 hoping):现在分词通常用于表示伴随、原因或目的,如 "This course is of great interest to students, hoping to improve their writing skills." 在这里,"hoping" 表示学生们上这门课的目的是提高写作技巧。
5. **动词-ing 形式的完成式**(如 having made):如果非谓语动词的动作发生在句子主句的谓语动词之前,并且强调这一先后顺序,可以使用动词-ing 形式的完成式。例如:"The young lady, having made several attempts to fix her cell phone, decided to have another try."
6. **过去分词**(如 needed):当非谓语动词与所修饰的名词之间存在被动关系,且动作已完成时,使用过去分词作定语。例如:"Nowadays, more and more Chinese homes have the technology and equipment needed to do online shopping."
7. **现在分词被动式**(如 being performed):当动词与逻辑主语之间是被动关系,且动作正在进行时,使用现在分词的被动形式。例如:"Watching basketball games on TV at home is one thing, going to watch them being performed live is quite another."
8. **过去分词短语**(如 Faced):某些短语动词的过去分词可以作状语,表达状态或条件,如 "Faced with a difficult situation, Amold decided to ask his boss for advice."
9. **动名词**(如 Knowing):动名词可以作主语,表示一种习惯性或一般性的行为。例如:"Knowing basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies."
10. **过去分词作定语**(如 Made):如果非谓语动词与所修饰的名词之间存在被动关系,且动作已经完成,可使用过去分词。例如:"Made naturally by the skin when exposed to sunlight, vitamin D is needed for healthy bones, teeth and muscles."
通过理解和掌握这些非谓语动词的形式和用法,学生能够在阅读理解、写作和翻译等各类英语试题中更加灵活地运用,提高语言表达的准确性和丰富性。在高考复习中,针对性地练习非谓语动词题目是提升英语水平的关键步骤之一。