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ASTMD257-2007绝缘材料直流电阻或电导试验方法.pdf
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Designation: D 257 –07
An American National Standard
Standard Test Methods for
DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials
1
This standard is issued under the ?xed designation D 257; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the caseof revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthesesindicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover direct-current procedures for
the measurement of dc insulation resistance, volume resistance,
and surface resistance. From such measurements and the
geometric dimensions of specimen and electrodes, both vol-
ume and surface resistivity of electrical insulating materials
can be calculated, as well as the corresponding conductances
and conductivities.
1.2 These test methods are not suitable for use in measuring
the electrical resistance/conductance of moderately conductive
materials. Use Test Method D 4496 to evaluate such materials.
1.3 This standard describes several general alternative
methodologies for measuring resistance (or conductance).
Speci?c materials can be tested most appropriately by using
standard ASTM test methods applicable to the speci?c material
that de?ne both voltage stress limits and ?nite electri?cation
times as well as specimen con?guration and electrode geom-
etry. These individual speci?c test methodologies would be
better able to de?ne the precision and bias for the determina-
tion.
1.4 The procedures appear in the following sections:
Test Method or Procedure Section
Calculation 13
Choice of Apparatus and Test Method 7
Cleaning Solid Specimens 10.1
Conditioning of Specimens 11
Effective Area of Guarded Electrode Appendix
X2
Electrode Systems 6
Factors Affecting Insulation Resistance or Conductance
Measurements
Appendix
X1
Humidity Control 11.2
Liquid Specimens and Cells 9.4
Precision and Bias 15
Procedure for the Measurement of Resist-
ance or Conductance
12
Referenced Documents 2
Report 14
Sampling 8
Signi?cance and Use 5
Specimen Mounting 10
Summary of Test Methods 4
Terminology 3
Test Specimens for Insulation, Volume, and Surface
Resistance or Conductance Determination
9
Typical Measurement Methods Appendix
X3
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
D 150 Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Per-
mittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insula-
tion
D 374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-
lation
D 1169 Test Method for Speci?c Resistance (Resistivity) of
Electrical Insulating Liquids
D 1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation
D 4496 Test Method for D-C Resistance or Conductance of
Moderately Conductive Materials
D 5032 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humid-
ity by Means of Aqueous Glycerin Solutions
D 6054 Practice for Conditioning Electrical Insulating Ma-
terials for Testing
E 104 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidity
by Means of Aqueous Solutions
3. Terminology
3.1 De?nitions — The following de?nitions are taken from
Terminology D 1711 and apply to the terms used in the text of
this standard.
3.1.1 conductance, insulation , n— the ratio of the total
volume and surface current between two electrodes (on or in a
specimen) to the dc voltage applied to the two electrodes.
3.1.1.1 Discussion — Insulation conductance is the recipro-
cal of insulation resistance.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on
Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D09.12 on Electrical Tests.
Current edition approved May 15, 2007. Published June 2007. Originally
approved in 1925. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 257 –99(2005).
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standardsvolume information, refer to the standard ’sDocument Summary pageon
the ASTM website.
1
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright ? ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Apr 7 01:06:31 EDT 2008
Downloaded/printed by
Dalian Univ of Technology pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
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3.1.2 conductance, surface, n— the ratio of the current
between two electrodes (on the surface of a specimen) to the dc
voltage applied to the electrodes.
3.1.2.1 Discussion — (Some volume conductance is un-
avoidably included in the actual measurement.) Surface con-
ductance is the reciprocal of surface resistance.
3.1.3 conductance, volume, n— the ratio of the current in the
volume of a specimen between two electrodes (on or in the
specimen) to the dc voltage applied to the two electrodes.
3.1.3.1 Discussion —Volume conductance is the reciprocal
of volume resistance.
3.1.4 conductivity, surface, n— the surface conductance
multiplied by that ratio of specimen surface dimensions (dis-
tance between electrodes divided by the width of electrodes
de?ning the current path) which transforms the measured
conductance to that obtained if the electrodes had formed the
opposite sides of a square.
3.1.4.1 Discussion — Surface conductivity is expressed in
siemens. It is popularly expressed as siemens/square (the size
of the square is immaterial). Surface conductivity is the
reciprocal of surface resistivity.
3.1.5 conductivity, volume , n— the volume conductance
multiplied by that ratio of specimen volume dimensions
(distance between electrodes divided by the cross-sectional
area of the electrodes) which transforms the measured conduc-
tance to that conductance obtained if the electrodes had formed
the opposite sides of a unit cube.
3.1.5.1 Discussion —Volume conductivity is usually ex-
pressed in siemens/centimetre or in siemens/metre and is the
reciprocal of volume resistivity.
3.1.6 moderately conductive , adj — describes a solid mate-
rial having a volume resistivity between 1 and 10 000 000
V -cm.
3.1.7 resistance, insulation, (Ri
), n— the ratio of the dc
voltage applied to two electrodes (on or in a specimen) to the
total volume and surface current between them.
3.1.7.1 Discussion — Insulation resistance is the reciprocal
of insulation conductance.
3.1.8 resistance, surface, (Rs), n— the ratio of the dc voltage
applied to two electrodes (on the surface of a specimen) to the
current between them.
3.1.8.1 Discussion — (Some volume resistance is unavoid-
ably included in the actual measurement.) Surface resistance is
the reciprocal of surface conductance.
3.1.9 resistance, volume, (Rv), n— the ratio of the dc voltage
applied to two electrodes (on or in a specimen) to the current
in the volume of the specimen between the electrodes.
3.1.9.1 Discussion —Volume resistance is the reciprocal of
volume conductance.
3.1.10 resistivity, surface, (r
s
), n— the surface resistance
multiplied by that ratio of specimen surface dimensions (width
of electrodes de?ning the current path divided by the distance
between electrodes) which transforms the measured resistance
to that obtained if the electrodes had formed the opposite sides
of a square.
3.1.10.1 Discussion — Surface resistivity is expressed in
ohms. It is popularly expressed also asohms/square (the size of
the square is immaterial). Surface resistivity is the reciprocal of
surface conductivity.
3.1.11 resistivity, volume, (r
v
), n— the volume resistance
multiplied by that ratio of specimen volume dimensions
(cross-sectional area of the specimen between the electrodes
divided by the distance between electrodes) which transforms
the measured resistance to that resistance obtained if the
electrodes had formed the opposite sides of a unit cube.
3.1.11.1 Discussion — Volume resistivity is usually ex-
pressed in ohm-centimetres (preferred) or in ohm-metres.
Volume resistivity is the reciprocal of volume conductivity.
4. Summary of Test Methods
4.1 The resistance or conductance of a material specimen or
of a capacitor is determined from a measurement of current or
of voltage drop under speci?ed conditions. By using the
appropriate electrode systems, surface and volume resistance
or conductance may be measured separately. The resistivity or
conductivity can then be calculated when the required speci-
men and electrode dimensions are known.
5. Signi?cance and Use
5.1 Insulating materials areused to isolate components of an
electrical system from each other and from ground, as well as
to provide mechanical support for the components. For this
purpose, it is generally desirable to have the insulation resis-
tance as high as possible, consistent with acceptable mechani-
cal, chemical, and heat-resisting properties. Since insulation
resistance or conductance combines both volume and surface
resistance or conductance, its measured value is most useful
when the test specimen and electrodes have the same form as
is required in actual use. Surface resistance or conductance
changes rapidly with humidity, while volume resistance or
conductance changes slowly although the ?nal change may
eventually be greater.
5.2 Resistivity or conductivity may be used to predict,
indirectly, the low-frequency dielectric breakdown and dissi-
pation factor properties of some materials. Resistivity or
conductivity is often used as an indirect measure of: moisture
content, degree of cure, mechanical continuity, or deterioration
of various types. The usefulness of these indirect measure-
ments is dependent on the degree of correlation established by
supporting theoretical or experimental investigations. A de-
crease of surface resistance may result either in an increase of
the dielectric breakdown voltage because the electric ?eld
intensity is reduced, or a decrease of the dielectric breakdown
voltage because the area under stress is increased.
5.3 All the dielectric resistances or conductances depend on
the length of time of electri?cation and on the value of applied
voltage (in addition to the usual environmental variables).
These must be known and reported to make the measured value
of resistance or conductance meaningful. Within the electrical
insulation materials industry, the adjective “ apparent ”is gen-
erally applied to resistivity values obtained under conditions of
arbitrarily selected electri?cation time. See X1.4 .
5.4 Volume resistivity or conductivity can be calculated
from resistance and dimensional data for use as an aid in
D 257 –07
2
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Apr 7 01:06:31 EDT 2008
Downloaded/printed by
Dalian Univ of Technology pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
免费标准网 (www.freebz.net) 标准最全面
免费标准网 (www.freebz.net) 无需注册 即可下载
3.1.2 conductance, surface, n— the ratio of the current
between two electrodes (on the surface of a specimen) to the dc
voltage applied to the electrodes.
3.1.2.1 Discussion — (Some volume conductance is un-
avoidably included in the actual measurement.) Surface con-
ductance is the reciprocal of surface resistance.
3.1.3 conductance, volume, n— the ratio of the current in the
volume of a specimen between two electrodes (on or in the
specimen) to the dc voltage applied to the two electrodes.
3.1.3.1 Discussion —Volume conductance is the reciprocal
of volume resistance.
3.1.4 conductivity, surface , n— the surface conductance
multiplied by that ratio of specimen surface dimensions (dis-
tance between electrodes divided by the width of electrodes
de?ning the current path) which transforms the measured
conductance to that obtained if the electrodes had formed the
opposite sides of a square.
3.1.4.1 Discussion — Surface conductivity is expressed in
siemens. It is popularly expressed as siemens/square (the size
of the square is immaterial). Surface conductivity is the
reciprocal of surface resistivity.
3.1.5 conductivity, volume , n— the volume conductance
multiplied by that ratio of specimen volume dimensions
(distance between electrodes divided by the cross-sectional
area of the electrodes) which transforms the measured conduc-
tance to that conductance obtained if the electrodes had formed
the opposite sides of a unit cube.
3.1.5.1 Discussion —Volume conductivity is usually ex-
pressed in siemens/centimetre or in siemens/metre and is the
reciprocal of volume resistivity.
3.1.6 moderately conductive , adj — describes a solid mate-
rial having a volume resistivity between 1 and 10 000 000
V -cm.
3.1.7 resistance, insulation, (Ri
), n— the ratio of the dc
voltage applied to two electrodes (on or in a specimen) to the
total volume and surface current between them.
3.1.7.1 Discussion — Insulation resistance is the reciprocal
of insulation conductance.
3.1.8 resistance, surface, (Rs), n— the ratio of the dc voltage
applied to two electrodes (on the surface of a specimen) to the
current between them.
3.1.8.1 Discussion — (Some volume resistance is unavoid-
ably included in the actual measurement.) Surface resistance is
the reciprocal of surface conductance.
3.1.9 resistance, volume, (Rv), n— the ratio of the dc voltage
applied to two electrodes (on or in a specimen) to the current
in the volume of the specimen between the electrodes.
3.1.9.1 Discussion —Volume resistance is the reciprocal of
volume conductance.
3.1.10 resistivity, surface, (r
s
), n— the surface resistance
multiplied by that ratio of specimen surface dimensions (width
of electrodes de?ning the current path divided by the distance
between electrodes) which transforms the measured resistance
to that obtained if the electrodes had formed the opposite sides
of a square.
3.1.10.1 Discussion — Surface resistivity is expressed in
ohms. It is popularly expressed also asohms/square (the size of
the square is immaterial). Surface resistivity is the reciprocal of
surface conductivity.
3.1.11 resistivity, volume, (r
v
), n— the volume resistance
multiplied by that ratio of specimen volume dimensions
(cross-sectional area of the specimen between the electrodes
divided by the distance between electrodes) which transforms
the measured resistance to that resistance obtained if the
electrodes had formed the opposite sides of a unit cube.
3.1.11.1 Discussion — Volume resistivity is usually ex-
pressed in ohm-centimetres (preferred) or in ohm-metres.
Volume resistivity is the reciprocal of volume conductivity.
4. Summary of Test Methods
4.1 The resistance or conductance of a material specimen or
of a capacitor is determined from a measurement of current or
of voltage drop under speci?ed conditions. By using the
appropriate electrode systems, surface and volume resistance
or conductance may be measured separately. The resistivity or
conductivity can then be calculated when the required speci-
men and electrode dimensions are known.
5. Signi?cance and Use
5.1 Insulating materials areused to isolate components of an
electrical system from each other and from ground, as well as
to provide mechanical support for the components. For this
purpose, it is generally desirable to have the insulation resis-
tance as high as possible, consistent with acceptable mechani-
cal, chemical, and heat-resisting properties. Since insulation
resistance or conductance combines both volume and surface
resistance or conductance, its measured value is most useful
when the test specimen and electrodes have the same form as
is required in actual use. Surface resistance or conductance
changes rapidly with humidity, while volume resistance or
conductance changes slowly although the ?nal change may
eventually be greater.
5.2 Resistivity or conductivity may be used to predict,
indirectly, the low-frequency dielectric breakdown and dissi-
pation factor properties of some materials. Resistivity or
conductivity is often used as an indirect measure of: moisture
content, degree of cure, mechanical continuity, or deterioration
of various types. The usefulness of these indirect measure-
ments is dependent on the degree of correlation established by
supporting theoretical or experimental investigations. A de-
crease of surface resistance may result either in an increase of
the dielectric breakdown voltage because the electric ?eld
intensity is reduced, or a decrease of the dielectric breakdown
voltage because the area under stress is increased.
5.3 All the dielectric resistances or conductances depend on
the length of time of electri?cation and on the value of applied
voltage (in addition to the usual environmental variables).
These must be known and reported to make the measured value
of resistance or conductance meaningful. Within the electrical
insulation materials industry, the adjective “ apparent ”is gen-
erally applied to resistivity values obtained under conditions of
arbitrarily selected electri?cation time. See X1.4 .
5.4 Volume resistivity or conductivity can be calculated
from resistance and dimensional data for use as an aid in
D 257 –07
2
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Apr 7 01:06:31 EDT 2008
Downloaded/printed by
Dalian Univ of Technology pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
免费标准网 (www.freebz.net) 标准最全面
免费标准网 (www.freebz.net) 无需注册 即可下载
3.1.2 conductance, surface, n— the ratio of the current
between two electrodes (on the surface of a specimen) to the dc
voltage applied to the electrodes.
3.1.2.1 Discussion — (Some volume conductance is un-
avoidably included in the actual measurement.) Surface con-
ductance is the reciprocal of surface resistance.
3.1.3 conductance, volume, n— the ratio of the current in the
volume of a specimen between two electrodes (on or in the
specimen) to the dc voltage applied to the two electrodes.
3.1.3.1 Discussion —Volume conductance is the reciprocal
of volume resistance.
3.1.4 conductivity, surface , n— the surface conductance
multiplied by that ratio of specimen surface dimensions (dis-
tance between electrodes divided by the width of electrodes
de?ning the current path) which transforms the measured
conductance to that obtained if the electrodes had formed the
opposite sides of a square.
3.1.4.1 Discussion — Surface conductivity is expressed in
siemens. It is popularly expressed as siemens/square (the size
of the square is immaterial). Surface conductivity is the
reciprocal of surface resistivity.
3.1.5 conductivity, volume , n— the volume conductance
multiplied by that ratio of specimen volume dimensions
(distance between electrodes divided by the cross-sectional
area of the electrodes) which transforms the measured conduc-
tance to that conductance obtained if the electrodes had formed
the opposite sides of a unit cube.
3.1.5.1 Discussion —Volume conductivity is usually ex-
pressed in siemens/centimetre or in siemens/metre and is the
reciprocal of volume resistivity.
3.1.6 moderately conductive , adj — describes a solid mate-
rial having a volume resistivity between 1 and 10 000 000
V -cm.
3.1.7 resistance, insulation, (Ri
), n— the ratio of the dc
voltage applied to two electrodes (on or in a specimen) to the
total volume and surface current between them.
3.1.7.1 Discussion — Insulation resistance is the reciprocal
of insulation conductance.
3.1.8 resistance, surface, (Rs), n— the ratio of the dc voltage
applied to two electrodes (on the surface of a specimen) to the
current between them.
3.1.8.1 Discussion — (Some volume resistance is unavoid-
ably included in the actual measurement.) Surface resistance is
the reciprocal of surface conductance.
3.1.9 resistance, volume, (Rv), n— the ratio of the dc voltage
applied to two electrodes (on or in a specimen) to the current
in the volume of the specimen between the electrodes.
3.1.9.1 Discussion —Volume resistance is the reciprocal of
volume conductance.
3.1.10 resistivity, surface, (r
s
), n— the surface resistance
multiplied by that ratio of specimen surface dimensions (width
of electrodes de?ning the current path divided by the distance
between electrodes) which transforms the measured resistance
to that obtained if the electrodes had formed the opposite sides
of a square.
3.1.10.1 Discussion — Surface resistivity is expressed in
ohms. It is popularly expressed also asohms/square (the size of
the square is immaterial). Surface resistivity is the reciprocal of
surface conductivity.
3.1.11 resistivity, volume, (r
v
), n— the volume resistance
multiplied by that ratio of specimen volume dimensions
(cross-sectional area of the specimen between the electrodes
divided by the distance between electrodes) which transforms
the measured resistance to that resistance obtained if the
electrodes had formed the opposite sides of a unit cube.
3.1.11.1 Discussion — Volume resistivity is usually ex-
pressed in ohm-centimetres (preferred) or in ohm-metres.
Volume resistivity is the reciprocal of volume conductivity.
4. Summary of Test Methods
4.1 The resistance or conductance of a material specimen or
of a capacitor is determined from a measurement of current or
of voltage drop under speci?ed conditions. By using the
appropriate electrode systems, surface and volume resistance
or conductance may be measured separately. The resistivity or
conductivity can then be calculated when the required speci-
men and electrode dimensions are known.
5. Signi?cance and Use
5.1 Insulating materials areused to isolate components of an
electrical system from each other and from ground, as well as
to provide mechanical support for the components. For this
purpose, it is generally desirable to have the insulation resis-
tance as high as possible, consistent with acceptable mechani-
cal, chemical, and heat-resisting properties. Since insulation
resistance or conductance combines both volume and surface
resistance or conductance, its measured value is most useful
when the test specimen and electrodes have the same form as
is required in actual use. Surface resistance or conductance
changes rapidly with humidity, while volume resistance or
conductance changes slowly although the ?nal change may
eventually be greater.
5.2 Resistivity or conductivity may be used to predict,
indirectly, the low-frequency dielectric breakdown and dissi-
pation factor properties of some materials. Resistivity or
conductivity is often used as an indirect measure of: moisture
content, degree of cure, mechanical continuity, or deterioration
of various types. The usefulness of these indirect measure-
ments is dependent on the degree of correlation established by
supporting theoretical or experimental investigations. A de-
crease of surface resistance may result either in an increase of
the dielectric breakdown voltage because the electric ?eld
intensity is reduced, or a decrease of the dielectric breakdown
voltage because the area under stress is increased.
5.3 All the dielectric resistances or conductances depend on
the length of time of electri?cation and on the value of applied
voltage (in addition to the usual environmental variables).
These must be known and reported to make the measured value
of resistance or conductance meaningful. Within the electrical
insulation materials industry, the adjective “ apparent ”is gen-
erally applied to resistivity values obtained under conditions of
arbitrarily selected electri?cation time. See X1.4 .
5.4 Volume resistivity or conductivity can be calculated
from resistance and dimensional data for use as an aid in
D 257 –07
2
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Apr 7 01:06:31 EDT 2008
Downloaded/printed by
Dalian Univ of Technology pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
免费标准网 (www.freebz.net) 标准最全面
免费标准网 (www.freebz.net) 无需注册 即可下载
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