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计算机组成原理英文版课件:8-Datapath.pdf
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2022-06-06
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计算机组成原理英文版课件:8-Datapath.pdf
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Kai Huang
Pipeline Hazards
4/18/2014 Kai.Huang@SYSU 2
A UK project to capture CO2 and bury it under the North Sea
looks set to receive a 300m-euro boost from the EU.
o Europe was once seen as a leader in developing the CCS
technology but the costs have proved challenging. It is estimated
that adding CCS to a power plant could increase the cost of
electricity by between 50-100%.
o White Rose will provide
electricity to over 630,000
homes but 90% of the CO2
emissions from the plant
will be captured, amounting
to two million tonnes per year.
White Rose carbon capture and storage (CCS)
4/18/2014 Kai.Huang@SYSU 3
Hazards: situations that would cause incorrect execution
o If next instruction were launched during its designated clock cycle
1. Structural hazards
o Caused by resource contention
o Using same resource by two instructions during the same cycle
2. Data hazards
o An instruction may compute a result needed by next instruction
o Hardware can detect dependencies between instructions
3. Control hazards
o Caused by instructions that change control flow (branches/jumps)
o Delays in changing the flow of control
Hazards complicate pipeline control and limit performance
Pipeline Hazards
4/18/2014 Kai.Huang@SYSU 4
Structural Hazards
Data Hazards and Forwarding
Load Delay, Hazard Detection, and Stall Unit
Control Hazards
Delayed Branch and Dynamic Branch
Prediction
Outline
4/18/2014 Kai.Huang@SYSU 5
Structural Hazards
Problem
o Attempt to use the same hardware resource by two
different
instructions during the same cycle
Example
o Writing back ALU result in stage 4
o Conflict with writing load data in stage 5
WB
WB
EX
ID
WB
EX MEM
IF ID
IF
Time
CC1 CC4 CC5 CC6 CC7 CC8 CC9 CC2 CC3
EX
ID
IF
MEM
EX
ID
IF
lw $6, 8($5)
ori $4, $3, 7
sub $5, $2, $3
sw $2, 10($3)
Instructions
Structural Hazard
Two instructions are
attempting to write
the register file during
same cycle
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