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关于 Java 的外文翻译（含外文出处） Java 语言的设计旨在满足异构、网络广泛分布式环境中的应用程序开发挑战。其中最重要的是确保应用程序的安全交付，消耗最少的系统资源，可以在任何硬件和软件平台上运行，并且可以动态扩展。Java 语言起源于一个研究项目，旨在为各种网络设备和嵌入式系统开发高级软件。该项目的目标是开发一个小型、可靠、可移植、分布式、实时操作平台。当项目开始时，C++ 是首选语言。但随着项目的进行，C++ 带来的困难不断增加，终于导致创建一个全新的语言平台。设计和架构决策来自多种语言，如 Eiffel、SmallTalk、Objective C 和 Cedar/Mesa。最终结果是一个语言平台，非常适合开发安全、分布式、网络化的最终用户应用程序，在环境范围从网络嵌入式设备到万维网和桌面。 Java 语言的设计要求是由计算环境的性质所驱动的。在互联网和万维网的快速增长下，我们需要重新看待软件的开发和分发。为了在电子商务和分发的世界中生存，Java 必须能够开发安全、高性能和高度可靠的应用程序，在多个平台上运行，适应异构分布式网络。然而，在多个平台上运行的异构网络中，传统的二进制分发、释放、升级、修补等方案都失效了。为了在这个ungle 中生存，Java 必须是架构中立、可移植和动态适应的。 Java 系统的设计旨在满足这些需求，简单、安全、高性能和高度可靠。Java 语言的主要特点是跨平台、面向对象、动态加载和安全性强。Java 语言的平台独立性使其能够在各种操作系统和硬件平台上运行，而不需要进行修改或重新编译。Java 语言的面向对象特性使其能够更好地封装和重用代码。Java 语言的动态加载特性使其能够在运行时动态加载类和方法。Java 语言的安全性强特性使其能够确保应用程序的安全运行。 Java 语言的应用非常广泛，包括 Web 应用程序、移动应用程序、桌面应用程序、嵌入式系统等等。Java 语言的普及性和跨平台性使其成为开发者首选的语言之一。 Java 语言的发展历程也很有趣。Java 语言的创始人 James Gosling 提出了 Java 语言的设计理念。他认为，Java 语言应该是简单、安全、高速和高度可靠的。Java 语言的设计理念来自多种语言，如 C++、Eiffel、SmallTalk 等。Java 语言的设计目标是开发一个小型、可靠、可移植、分布式、实时操作平台。 Java 语言的应用场景非常广泛，包括： * Web 应用程序：Java 语言可以用于开发基于 Web 的应用程序，例如 online banking、online shopping 等。 * 移动应用程序：Java 语言可以用于开发 Android 应用程序，例如游戏、社交媒体等。 * 桌面应用程序：Java 语言可以用于开发桌面应用程序，例如 IDE、media player 等。 * 嵌入式系统：Java 语言可以用于开发嵌入式系统，例如机顶盒、路由器等。 Java 语言是一种功能强大、跨平台、安全、高速的编程语言，非常适合开发各种类型的应用程序。

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Introduction to Java

--from 《Computing Static Slice for Java Programs》

Java is designed to meet the challenges of application development in the context

of heterogeneous, network-wide distributed environments. Paramount among these

challenges is secure delivery of applications that consume the minimum of system

resources, can run on any hardware and software platform, and can be extended

dynamically.

Java originated as part of a research project to develop advanced software for a

wide variety of network devices and embedded systems. The goal was to develop a

small, reliable, portable, distributed, real-time operating platform. When the project

started, C++ was the language of choice. But over time the difficulties encountered

with C++ grew to the point where the problems could best be addressed by creating

an entirely new language platform. Design and architecture decisions drew from a

variety of languages such as Eiffel, SmallTalk, Objective C, and Cedar/Mesa. The

result is a language platform that has proven ideal for developing secure, distributed,

network based end-user applications in environments ranging from network-

embedded devices to the World-Wide Web and the desktop.

The design requirements of Java are driven by the nature of the computing

environments in which software must be deployed.

The massive growth of the Internet and the World-Wide Web leads us to a

completely new way of looking at development and distribution of software. To live

in the world of electronic commerce and distribution, Java must enable the

development of secure, high performance, and highly robust applications on multiple

platforms in heterogeneous, distributed networks.

Operating on multiple platforms in heterogeneousnetworks invalidates the

traditional schemes of binary distribution, release, upgrade, patch, and so on. To

survive in this jungle, Java must be architecture neutral, portable, and dynamically

adaptable.

The Java system that emerged to meet these needs is simple, so it can be easily

programmed by most developers; familiar, so that current developers can easily learn

Java; object oriented, to take advantage of modern software development

methodologies and to fit into distributed client-server applications; multithreaded, for

high performance in applications that need to perform multiple concurrent activities,

such as multimedia; and interpreted, for maximum portability and dynamic

capabilities.

Together, the above requirements comprise quite a collection of buzzwords, so

let’ s examine some of them and their respective benefits before going on.

What’s completely new is the manner in which Java and its run-time system

have combined them to produce a flexible and powerful programming system..

Developing your applications using Java results in software that is portable

across multiple machine architectures, operating systems, and graphical user

interfaces, secure, and high performance, With Java, your job as a software developer

is much easier—you focus your full attention on the end goal of shipping innovative

products on time, based on the solid foundation of Java. The better way to develop

software is here, now, brought to you by the Java language platform.

Very dynamic languages like Lisp, TCL, and SmallTalk are often used for

prototyping. One of the reasons for their success at this is that they are very robust —

you don’t have to worry about freeing or corrupting memory.

Similarly, programmers can be relatively fearless about dealing with memory

when programming in Java, The garbage collection system makes the programmer’s

job vastly easier; with the burden of memory management taken off the programmer’s

shoulders, storage allocation errors go away. Another reason commonly given that

languages like Lisp, TCL, and SmallTalk are good for prototyping is that they don’t

require you to pin down decisions early on—these languages are semantically rich.

Java has exactly the opposite property: it forces you to make explicit choices.

Along with these choices come a lot of assistance— you can write method

invocations and, if you get something wrong, you get told about it at compile time.

You don’t have to worry about method invocation error.

The Java beginner must grasp 30 basic concepts

Basic concept

1.In OOP the only relations is what the object’s interface, such as the

computer seller he leaves alone internal structure of electrical source, but he is only

concerned about that whether the power will be supplied to you, also so long as know

can or not but is not how and why. All procedures are make up of certain attribute and

the behavior object, the different object visit invokes through the function invocation,

between the object all intercommunion are invoke through the method invocation, By

object data encapsulation, enhances reuse rate very much..

2.In OOP the most important thought is class, the class is the template, is a

blueprint, construct an object from a class, namely construct an instance of the class.

3.Encapsulation: is that combines the data and the behavior in a package and

hides the data the realization process to the object user, in an object data is called its

instance field.

4.Through expands a class to obtain a new class is called inheritance, but all

classes are constructed by the object super root class of expansion, super root class of

as follows can make the introduction.

5.Object 3 principal characteristics

Behavior--- explained this object can make what.

Tate--- when the object exerts the method object reflection.

Dentity--- and other similar behavior objects discrimination symbols.

Each object has only indentity and among three characteristics they affect

mutually.

6.Relations among classes:

Use-a: Dependent relation

Has-a: Polymerization relation

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