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CONTENTS
Preface x
Prologue—Semiconductors and the Integrated
Circuit xvii
PART I—Semiconductor Material Properties
CHAPTER 1
The Crystal Structure of Solids 1
1.0 Preview 1
1.1 Semiconductor Materials 1
1.2 Types of Solids 2
1.3 Space Lattices 3
1.3.1 Primitive and Unit Cell 3
1.3.2 Basic Crystal Structures 4
1.3.3 Crystal Planes and Miller Indices 6
1.3.4 Directions in Crystals 9
1.4 The Diamond Structure 10
1.5 Atomic Bonding 12
*1.6 Imperfections and Impurities in Solids 14
1.6.1 Imperfections in Solids 14
1.6.2 Impurities in Solids 16
*1.7 Growth of Semiconductor Materials 17
1.7.1 Growth from a Melt 17
1.7.2 Epitaxial Growth 19
1.8 Summary 20
Problems 21
CHAPTER 2
Introduction to Quantum Mechanics 25
2.0 Preview 25
2.1 Principles of Quantum Mechanics 26
2.1.1 Energy Quanta 26
2.1.2 Wave–Particle Duality 27
2.1.3 The Uncertainty Principle 30
2.2 Schrodinger’s Wave Equation 31
2.2.1 The Wave Equation 31
2.2.2 Physical Meaning of the Wave Function 32
2.2.3 Boundary Conditions 33
2.3 Applications of Schrodinger’s Wave
Equation 34
2.3.1 Electron in Free Space 35
2.3.2 The Infi nite Potential Well 36
2.3.3 The Step Potential Function 39
2.3.4 The Potential Barrier and Tunneling 44
2.4 Extensions of the Wave Theory
to Atoms 46
2.4.1 The One-Electron Atom 46
2.4.2 The Periodic Table 50
2.5 Summary 51
Problems 52
CHAPTER 3
Introduction to the Quantum Theory
of Solids 58
3.0 Preview 58
3.1 Allowed and Forbidden Energy Bands 59
3.1.1 Formation of Energy Bands 59
*3.1.2 The Kronig–Penney Model 63
3.1.3 The k-Space Diagram 67
3.2 Electrical Conduction in Solids 72
3.2.1 The Energy Band and the Bond Model 72
3.2.2 Drift Current 74
3.2.3 Electron Effective Mass 75
3.2.4 Concept of the Hole 78
3.2.5 Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors 80
3.3 Extension to Three Dimensions 83
3.3.1 The k-Space Diagrams of Si and GaAs 83
3.3.2 Additional Effective Mass Concepts 85
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