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Sam.s.Teach.Yourself.Visual.C++.In.12.Easy.Lesson.zip （43个子文件）

3_Sam's Teach Yourself Visual C++ In 12 Easy Lessons

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<HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>vcl06.htm </TITLE> <LINK REL="ToC" HREF="index.htm"> <LINK REL="Index" HREF="htindex.htm"> <LINK REL="Next" HREF="vclp03.htm"> <LINK REL="Previous" HREF="vcl05.htm"></HEAD> <BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#0000FF" VLINK="#800080"> <A NAME="I0"></A> <A HREF="vcl05.htm" TARGET="_self"><IMG SRC="blanprev.gif" WIDTH = 37 HEIGHT = 37 BORDER = 0 ALT="Previous Page"></A> <A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_self"><IMG SRC="blantoc.gif" WIDTH = 37 HEIGHT = 37 BORDER = 0 ALT="TOC"></A> <A HREF="vclp03.htm" TARGET="_self"><IMG SRC="blannext.gif" WIDTH = 37 HEIGHT = 37 BORDER = 0 ALT="Next Page"></A> <HR ALIGN=CENTER> <UL> <UL> <UL> <LI> <A HREF="#E68E42" >What You'll Learn</A> <LI> <A HREF="#E68E43" >Character Literals and Variables</A> <LI> <A HREF="#E68E44" >String Literals</A> <UL> <LI> <A HREF="#E69E47" >String-Literal Endings</A> <LI> <A HREF="#E69E48" >String Lengths</A></UL> <LI> <A HREF="#E68E45" >Special Characters: Escape Sequences</A> <LI> <A HREF="#E68E46" >Integers and Characters</A> <LI> <A HREF="#E68E47" >Storing Strings in Arrays</A> <UL> <LI> <A HREF="#E69E49" >Arrays Versus Strings</A> <LI> <A HREF="#E69E50" >Getting Strings from the User</A></UL> <LI> <A HREF="#E68E48" >Comparing cout and cin</A> <UL> <LI> <A HREF="#E69E51" >Output Options</A> <LI> <A HREF="#E69E52" >Input Options</A> <LI> <A HREF="#E69E53" >Getting Lines of Data</A></UL> <LI> <A HREF="#E68E49" >Homework</A> <UL> <LI> <A HREF="#E69E54" >General Knowledge</A> <LI> <A HREF="#E69E55" >What's the Output?</A> <LI> <A HREF="#E69E56" >Find the Bug</A> <LI> <A HREF="#E69E57" >Write Code That. . .</A> <LI> <A HREF="#E69E58" >Extra Credit</A></UL></UL></UL></UL> <HR ALIGN=CENTER> <A NAME="E66E16"></A> <H1 ALIGN=CENTER> <CENTER> - 6 - String Data and I/O</CENTER></H1> <UL> <UL> character literals </UL></UL> <UL> <UL> delimiter </UL></UL> <UL> <UL> null zero </UL></UL> <BLOCKQUOTE> <BLOCKQUOTE> string literals </BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE> <A NAME="E68E42"></A> <H3 ALIGN=CENTER> <CENTER> What You'll Learn</CENTER></H3> <UL> <LI>Character literals and variables <LI>String literals <LI>Special characters: escape sequences <LI>Integers and characters <LI>Storing strings in arrays <LI>Comparing cout and cin </UL> Visual C++ differs from many other programming languages in that there is no such thing as a character string variable. There are character variables, but they hold only a single character of data. There are character string literals, but no character string variables. A string is simply a list of characters such as a word, phrase, sentence, or any set of characters strung together. If you have never programmed before, you will not miss string variables. If you have programmed in other languages, you might question Visual C++'s usefulness because it does not support string variables. The designers of the C++ language decided against using string variables, but C++ offers alternatives to them that are almost as easy to use and much more efficient. After all, Visual C++ must offer a way for you to store people's names and addresses. This unit shows you how to designate string literals and how to store them in memory. Performing input and output (often referred to as just I/O) is extremely easy with Visual C++. You need a way to get data and results of calculations to the screen and to get input from the user at the keyboard. This book has already used cout and cin for simple input and output. After you learn about storing character and string data, you will have mastered all the fundamental data types in Visual C++. You will then need some way to output that data. This unit reviews cout and cin, and then explains how to make them work exactly the way you want. <BLOCKQUOTE> <BLOCKQUOTE> <HR ALIGN=CENTER> <NOTE>Lesson 2's second unit gave a brief overview of character and string data as well as Visual C++'s I/O capabilities. This unit explains all the details that were skipped then. This unit also begins showing you full-length programs again now that you'll finally understand what all the statements do.</NOTE> <HR ALIGN=CENTER> </BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE> <A NAME="E68E43"></A> <H3 ALIGN=CENTER> <CENTER> Character Literals and Variables</CENTER></H3> <IMG SRC="concept.gif"> <BLOCKQUOTE> <BLOCKQUOTE> <HR ALIGN=CENTER> <NOTE>Character literals always appear inside single quotation marks. Define char variables for character data.</NOTE> <HR ALIGN=CENTER> </BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE> All character literals must appear between two single quotation marks. All of the following are character literals: <PRE> 'A' 'x' ' ' '*' '&' '1'</PRE> As you can see, a character is any characterwhether a letter, number, space, or special characterenclosed in single quotes. Never put single quotation marks around something other than a single character of data. <BLOCKQUOTE> <BLOCKQUOTE> <HR ALIGN=CENTER> <NOTE>Remember that C++ is extremely fussy about the characters you type to give it instructions. ' and " have two very different meanings and cannot be used interchangeably.</NOTE> <HR ALIGN=CENTER> </BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE> In the previous unit, you learned how to define a character variable with the char keyword. The following statement defines a character variable: <PRE> char MyGrade; // Defines a character variable</PRE> Your program can store a character inside MyGrade using the assignment operator, =. The following assignment statement stores an A in MyGrade: <PRE> MyGrade = 'A'; // Store character data in the character variable</PRE> Later in the program, another assignment might store a different value in MyGrade, either by assigning another character literal to the variable or by assigning another variable to MyGrade, such as this: <PRE> MyGrade = oldGrade; // Replace the contents of MyGrade</PRE> <BLOCKQUOTE> <BLOCKQUOTE> <HR ALIGN=CENTER> <NOTE> If you know a character variable's initial value at the time that you define the variable, you can assign the variable a value at the same time you define the variable, like this:</NOTE> <PRE> char MyGrade = 'A'; // Define and initialize</PRE> <HR ALIGN=CENTER> </BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE> <IMG SRC="stop.gif">Listing 6.1 contains the beginnings of a Visual C++ program that defines and initializes three character variables. <IMG SRC="review.gif"> <BLOCKQUOTE> <BLOCKQUOTE> <HR ALIGN=CENTER> <NOTE>Define character variables with char and specify character literals by enclosing them inside single quotation marks.</NOTE> <HR ALIGN=CENTER> </BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE> <NOTE ALIGN=CENTER> <CENTER>Input Listing 6.1. Defining and storing values in three character variables.</CENTER></NOTE> <PRE> 1: void main() 2: { 3: char first, middle, last; 4: first = 'G'; 5: middle = 'M'; 6: last = 'P'; 7: // Rest of program would follow</PRE> Output There is no output from Listing 6.1 because the program is not complete. Analysis definition A delimiter is a character used to signal or enclose data. The code declares three variables, and then assigns three initials

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