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先进工业技术--3D打印混合组件.pdf
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Advanced Technologies
for Industry
– Product Watch
3D printing of hybrid components
April 2020
September 2021
Product Watch Report - European Commission
September 2021
3
Table of contents .............................................................................................................. 3
Section 1 ........................................................................................................................... 4
1. Background and objectives of the report ........................................................................ 4
1.1 Background of this report .......................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Objectives of this report ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Section 2 ........................................................................................................................... 8
2. Value chain analysis ...................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Value chain structure ................................................................................................................................................ 8
2.2 Key actors in the value chain ..................................................................................................................................... 9
2.3 Linkages along the value chain ................................................................................................................................ 16
Section 3 ......................................................................................................................... 18
3. Analysis of EU competitive positioning ......................................................................... 18
3.1 Strengths ................................................................................................................................................................. 18
3.2 Opportunities .......................................................................................................................................................... 19
3.3 Risks ........................................................................................................................................................................ 20
3.4 Challenges ............................................................................................................................................................... 21
Section 4 ......................................................................................................................... 22
4. Conclusions & outlook ................................................................................................. 22
4.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................................. 22
4.2 Outlook ................................................................................................................................................................... 23
4.3. COVID-19 and 3D printer ventilators ...................................................................................................................... 23
Section 5 ......................................................................................................................... 25
5. Annexes ...................................................................................................................... 25
5.1 List of interviewees ........................................................................................................... 25
5.2 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 25
About the ‘Advanced Technologies for Industry’ project ................................................... 28
Table of contents
Product Watch Report - European Commission
September 2021
4
1. Background and objectives of the report
Background
The Product Watch Reports have been developed in the framework of the ‘Advanced Technologies
for Industry’ project and serve to identify and analyse 15 promising ATI-based products and
their value chains, with an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the EU positioning.
Promising ATI-based products can be defined as “enabling products for the development of goods
and services enhancing their overall commercial and social value; embedded by constituent parts
that are based on AR/VR, Big Data & Analytics, Blockchain, Cloud, Artificial Intelligence, IoT,
Mobility, Robotics, Security & Connectivity, Nanotechnology, Micro-nanoelectronics, Industrial
Biotechnology, Advanced Materials and/or Photonics; and, but not limited to, produced by
Advanced Manufacturing Technologies”.
1.1 Background of this report
A key advanced manufacturing technology includes three-dimensional (3D) printing,
also known as additive manufacturing. 3D printing is considered a highly innovative
manufacturing solution with a great potential to revolutionise manufacturing and production
globally. Through a layer by layer addition of material, highly customised, complex parts with
structural properties not achievable by mass production, can be designed, and present an
opportunity to transition to mass customisation of parts in various sectors. 3D printing is
highlighted as a technology that is central to digital transformation, and part of the fourth
industrial revolution - an Industry 4.0.
1
3D printing is regarded as a high growth technology with revenues of €6.19 bn
2
recorded
in 2017, an expected forecast of €13.31 bn in 2020 for all 3D printing products and services,
globally.
3
By 2024 the revenue forecast is expected to reach upwards of €29.99 bn accordingly
to the 2019 Wohlers Report – a highly anticipated report by 3D printing experts around the
world. MarketsandMarkets Research
4
estimates the global 3D printing market size to be €8.34
bn ($9.9 billion) in 2018 and expect it to reach €29.32 bn ($34.8 billion) by 2024.
3D printing is relevant for a wide range of potential application areas and draws upon
several technologies. The trend in the 3D printing applications is shifting from prototyping to
functional part manufacturing in various verticals. Particularly relevant sectors include especially
automotive, aerospace and health, as well as consumer goods, electronics, energy, industrial
equipment and tooling, and construction, with varying degrees of maturity realised across these
sectors.
5
Key factors for 3D printing include the interplay between quality, time, cost, size and
volume. Depending on the targeted application area, varieties of materials can be applied, from
plastics and ceramics, to metals and biomaterial, among others.
6
1
OECD. (2020). The Digitalisation of Science, Technology and Innovation: Key Developments and Policies
2
All currencies are based on current exchange rate of 1€ = $US 1.18681, 7 September 2021
3
McCue, T. (2019, March 27). Significant 3D Printing Forecast Surges to $35.6 Billion. Retrieved February 2020,
from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/tjmccue/2019/03/27/wohlers-report-2019-forecasts-35-6-billion-in-
3d-printing-industry-growth-by-2024/#1e9924037d8a
4
https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/3d-printing-market-1276.html
5
TWI et al. (2017). A STRATEGIC APPROACH TO INCREASING EUROPE’S VALUE PROPOSITION FOR ADDITIVE
MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES AND CAPABILITIES: D2.1 Selection of Key AM Sectors for Europe.
6
OECD. (2017). "3D printing and its environmental implications", in The Next Production Revolution: Implications
for Governments and Business.
Section 1
Product Watch Report - European Commission
September 2021
5
The use of metal powders for 3D printing is highlighted as one of the fastest growing
areas of 3D printing and is considered as ‘reaching the industrialisation stage’.
7
The area of
metal 3D printing has seen another increase in the period from 2017 to 2018
8
, following the
considerable (80%) increase in systems sold between 2016 and 2017
9
and high growth rates for
3D printers.
10
In 2017, the 3D Metal Market was valued at €281.77 bn
11
, with a Compound
Annual Growth Rate (CGAR) of 31.8% from 2017 to 2025.
12
Taking into consideration current
market trends, by 2029 the metal 3D printing value chain is expected to achieve a value of
€16.01 bn.
13
This report focuses on the 3D printing of metals as it is a stronghold in Europe, with
many players situated in Germany, France, Italy and Sweden. Recent developments,
including the increase of new equipment and machinery has reduced costs for printers,
introducing also new technologies to tackle the barriers related to cost, quality, time and
materials. Typical printer types for metal 3D printing including Direct Metal Laser Sintering
(DMLS), Electron Beam Melting (EBM), Directed Energy Deposition (DED) and Binder Jetting.
14
EOS for example, headquartered in Germany, is one of the world leaders in the field of DMLS.
The global share of metals used for 3D printing is dominated by titanium, followed by nickel,
steel and aluminium, among others, as presented in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Global 3D printing metal market share by product
Source: Grand View Review, 2019
The carbon fibre market has experienced considerable growth, which is expected to
continue. The market for carbon fibre reinforced plastics, as a composite material, has
experienced considerable, double digit growth in recent years, as presented in Figure 2.
15
Carbon
7
Roland Berger. (2018). Advancements in metal 3D printing Beyond powder bed – Additive manufacturing on the
brink of industrialization.
8
McCue, T. (2019, March 27). Significant 3D Printing Forecast Surges to $35.6 Billion. Retrieved February 2020,
from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/tjmccue/2019/03/27/wohlers-report-2019-forecasts-35-6-billion-in-
3d-printing-industry-growth-by-2024/#1e9924037d8a
9
McCue, T. (2018, June 04). Wohlers Report 2018: 3D Printer Industry Tops $7 Billion. Retrieved from Forbes:
https://www.forbes.com/sites/tjmccue/2018/06/04/wohlers-report-2018-3d-printer-industry-rises-21-percent-
to-over-7-billion/#4b12b5fc2d1a
10
BCG. (2017, April 5). Get Ready for Industrialized Additive Manufacturing. (Boston Consulting Group) Retrieved
02 2020, from Boston Consulting Group: https://www.bcg.com/publications/2017/lean-manufacturing-industry-
4.0-get-ready-for-industrialized-additive-manufacturing.aspx
11
All currencies are based on current exchange rate of 1€ = $US 1.18681, 7 September 2021
12
Grand View Research. (2019, January). 3D Printing Metal Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By
Form (Filament, Powder), By Product (Steel, Titanium, Nickel), By Application (Medical, Aerospace & Defence),
And Segment Forecasts, 2019 - 2025. Retrieved from Grand View Research:
https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/3d-metal-printing-market
13
IDTechEx. (2019). 3D Printing of Metals 2019-2029. IDTechEx Research.
Jason Dawes, R. B. (2015). Introduction to the Additive Manufacturing Powder Metallurgy Supply Chain. Johnson
Matthey Technol. Rev., 243-256.
14
IDTechEx. (2019). 3D Printing of Metals 2019-2029. IDTechEx Research.
Jason Dawes, R. B. (2015). Introduction to the Additive Manufacturing Powder Metallurgy Supply Chain. Johnson
Matthey Technol. Rev., 243-256.
15
AVK and CCeV. (2018, November). Market developments, trends, outlooks and challenges. Retrieved from
Composites Market Report 2018: https://www.avk-
tv.de/files/20181115_avk_ccev_market_report_2018_final.pdf
Product Watch Report - European Commission
September 2021
6
fibre is particularly relevant for light weighting, which is centrally important to the automotive
industry in order to reduce emissions from fuel consumed. Mixing with hybrid metals can ensure
that carbon fibres or other reinforced polymers are able to contribute to light weighting while
maintaining structural stability. Typically, carbon fibre and carbon fibre composites are used for
structural components such as exterior body parts, hoods, bonnets, and test plates, however in
combination with hybrid materials.
16
Figure 2: Evolution of the global demand for Carbon Fibre
Source: AVK and CCeV, 2018
We zoom in on the specific value chain ‘3D printing of hybrid components’ including
metal 3D printed structural components. Currently, particularly in the automotive sector,
hybrid metal-composite applications are being developed with conventionally manufactured
metal parts. In these cases, the metal inserts are considerably heavy with an often-suboptimal
interface between the metal and polymer parts. Costs for the optimisation of the parts for their
intended use are high due to the need for additional machining to reduce weight and increase
the surface area for integration. Additional applications within the automotive sector can include
interior and exterior components, structural elements, and powertrain parts, typically where an
interface between polymers and metals can be found.
17
Parts combining 3D printed metals with
reinforced polymers, or other materials, such as plastics, have a great potential to tackle
industrial challenges such as light weighting, reducing costs and improving part performance,
especially for sectors such as automotive, but also aerospace and beyond. The resulting
advantages of the specific hybrid 3D printed metal and polymer products include
18
:
- A high stiffness/density ratio
- Weight reduction from 10% to 50% compared to traditional metal parts
- Smooth stress and strain transfer at the interface between the metal and polymer
surfaces using optimised interface geometry, e.g. 3d printed inserts can be network-
shaped with voids to be infiltrated by the polymer or composite, which will in turn
enhance the strength of the interface
- Design for very high damping through increased surface of the interface and optimised
network structure topology
- Improved global safety through tailored crash behaviour
16
Vanguard Initiative ‘3DP Pilot’. (2020). Pilot action on Interregional innovation projects - Business Plan 'Hybrid
3DP-Carbon Fiber component for Blowers'. Brussels: European Commission
17
Vanguard Initiative ‘3DP Pilot’. (2020). Pilot action on Interregional innovation projects - Business Plan
'Hybrid 3DP-Carbon Fiber component for Blowers'.
18
Vanguard Initiative ‘3DP Pilot’. (2020). Pilot action on Interregional innovation projects - Business Plan
'Hybrid 3DP-Carbon Fiber component for Blowers'.
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