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人工的影响 智能(AI)和 区块链的采用 公司治理: 道德观点.docx
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人工的影响 智能(AI)和 区块链的采用 公司治理: 道德观点.docx
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1
THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE (AI) AND
BLOCKCHAIN ADOPTION IN
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE:
ETHICAL PERSPECTIVES
A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy by
Hongdan Han
Brunel Business School, Brunel University
London
August 2022
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2
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this doctoral thesis sets out to explore and elaborate on the impact of
artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain adoption in corporate governance from ethical
perspectives. Positioned within the corporate governance domain, this study adopts
an explicit business perspective to study corporate governance change with emerging
AI and blockchain technological tools in general and focuses on the ethical use of
technologies specifically. As such, this empirical investigation aims to help
organizations understand the ethical benefits and ethical dilemmas of using AI and
blockchain in businesses and draw plans on how to govern these technologies
ethically for the benefit of the business and society.
Design/Methodology/Approach:
This study adopts specific techniques and a pragmatic, step-by-step netnography
approach to investigate online traces from social media sites and extends these online
explorations with online semi-structured interviews. The research design of this
investigation follows step-by-step procedures that are methodologically sound to
ensure rigor in this investigation to enhance the trustworthiness of this study. In total,
this research collects an abundance of data: 34 LinkedIn Posts with Comments; 12
Webinars; 22 YouTube Videos; 19 Videos; 10 Podcasts, and 17 semi-structured
interview videos. The video, audio, and interview data have been transcribed into
textual data total of 453065 words for thematic analysis using NVivo software. Enough
time has been allocated to the iterative process of data collection and data analysis.
The analysis moves back and forth to the point when theoretical saturation is achieved.
The data structure extracts from data in this study illustrate the analytic claims that
match the analysis and data together, to ensure a good fit between described method
and reported analysis are consistent.
Findings:
This study develops a thematic framework that constitutes the corporate governance
transformation with the ethical use of AI and blockchain technology. This framework
provides a holistic understanding of why corporate governance needs to change,
especially with the emergence of blockchain and AI technologies, what changes will
corporate governance encounter, and how corporate governance can imperatively
respond to the ethical use of these technologies. Specifically, it explicitly provides
comprehensive understanding of the ethical benefits and ethical concerns of using AI
and blockchain technologies in corporate governance, and reveals how companies
can govern the use of these technologies ethically.
In general terms, the findings of this study support the notion of corporate governance
change to transform business models and processes to leverage the new capabilities
of AI and blockchain technologies, to priories creativity, speed, and accountability, to
replace the old business model, to foster agile or collaborative governance to deal with
uncertainty, agility, adaptiveness, and cooperation in the digital world, to foster a
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3
network and platform strategies to drive success. This study goes beyond the extant
corporate governance scholarship to assess the technological impact to capture
values for companies in ethical ways to sustain future growth.
Additionally, the notion of corporate governance is further specified and significantly
expanded by this study to assess the adoption of AI and blockchain as new corporate
governance tools or mechanisms, to enhance ethical benefits when used properly,
and mitigate ethical dilemmas with proper checks and balances, safeguards in place,
to help organizations stay relevant in this digital transformation and be ethical and
sustainable.
This study empirically corroborates that in theory, the use of blockchain and AI can
enhance ethical practice by detecting fraud and anomaly activities, due to the unique
capabilities of blockchain and AI technologies. Further, this research adds depth and
specificity by identifying the ethical concerns of using blockchain and AI in corporate
governance. The study empirically reveals the ethical concerns of privacy issues,
unethical use of data, job transformation and replacement, and algorithm bias that
companies will encounter when they use these technologies. In addition, the findings
of this study suggest how companies can ethically govern the use of these
technologies in socially responsible ways as they transform digitally.
Originality/Value:
The emergent thematic framework is constructed from the empirical and analytical
procedures specifically and purposely designed for this study. This study makes
theoretical contributions to knowledge and enriches the extant works of literature, and
also provides practical contributions to the ethical use of disruptive technologies, future
workforce, and regulations. However, the study was conducted within certain
theoretical, methodological, empirical, and pragmatic conditions, which might
constitute particular limitations and constraints. Therefore, the last section of this
thesis elucidates and suggests the directions for future research.
Keywords: Corporate Governance. Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain Technology,
Ethics, Technology Adoption
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4
Acknowledgment
First, my sincere thanks go to my principal supervisor Dr Radha Shiwakoti, my 2
nd
supervisor Dr Chima Mordi, and my research development advisor Dr David Botchie
for their time, invaluable support, guidance, and advice throughout my PhD studies.
Second, I would like to express my gratitude to Brunel Business School (BBS) for
offering me this wonderful opportunity to conduct such interesting and timely research.
My special thanks go to all the colleagues at CBASS, BBS, the Graduate School, and
APDU who made my PhD studies such a worthwhile experience. Also, I would like to
thank the CBASS PRG team, especially Natalie Sluman, for their dedication to
managing administrative tasks.
I am deeply thankful to Jan Enriquez, Genevieve Bell, Mainak Mazumdar, Sylvain
Duranton, Don Tapscott, Bettina Warburg, Kriti Sharma, Zeynep Tufekci, Stuart
Russell, Samm Harris, Nick Bostrom, Jeremy Howard, Tom Gruber, Rachel Botsman,
Peter Eigen, Kevin Kelly, Markus Mutz, Paul Root Wolpe, Avi Rubin, for their TED
Talks, and Bernard Marr for his YouTube, and LinkedIn activities, and Jeff Drew, Neil
Amato for their Podcasts, and Webinars from INSEAD Global Institute for Business
and Society, Diligent, Citrix, CFA Institute, Forbes CIO, House of Lords, Standford Law
School, that allowed substantial access for my empirical online investigation.
I am also privileged to have been able to meet and interview many experts who are
competent in this area of research. I sincerely thank them for supporting me and
spending time with me to provide fruitful discussions and deep insights into this study
under this investigation. My special and sincere thanks go to Frank Hoogendijk (Senior
Associate, Legal Tech Specialist at Osborne Clarke); Hagen Schweinitz (Global
practice leader, board & governance advisory practice at Eric Salmon and Partners);
Josina Kamerling (Head of regulatory outreach EMEA at CFA Institute); Clara Dorodie
(Speaker, Author, Investor, Board member, Fintech, Governance and AI); Chris Bunch
(Managing Director at CTS); Philippe Nadouce (Top rated blockchain consultant);
Donny Shimamoto (CPA, CITP, CGMA, Intraprise TechKnowlogies LLC); Andrew
Hobbs (EMEIA public Policy leader at EY); Ansgar Koene (Global AI ethics and
regulatory leader at EY); Martin De Bie (Advisor Innovation/Chairman digital working
group EFAA); Ryan Carrier (ForHumanity); Matthew James Bailey (Pioneer, advisor,
author, Global AI ethics); Michiel Ipenburg (Founder of Social Blox.IO); Reid
Blackman (CEO Virtue, AI ethics Advisor); Jane Thomason (Board advisory/Non-
Executive director, Co-Founder of the British Blockchain and Frontier Technology
Association); Pamela Gupta (Global Cybersecurity & trusted AI); and Peter Brownell
(ForHumanity AI Auditor).
Lastly, I would like to thank my parents and my family. My special thanks go to my two
girls Sophia and Amelia, for their understanding their mum is always busy with
research. They are always there to cheer me up and mentally support me by offering
their unconditional love to me.
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5
Table Of Content
Abstract.......................................................................................................................2
Acknowledgment. ......................................................................................................4
Table Of Content ........................................................................................................5
List Of Figures..........................................................................................................10
List Of Tables ...........................................................................................................11
Chapter 1 Introduction.............................................................................................12
1.1 Research background and problem statement of the study .............................13
1.1.1 Research motivation....................................................................................15
1.1.2 Brief review of
literature
...............................................................................
18
1.2 Research gaps addressed by the study............................................................22
1.3 Main perspective of the study ...........................................................................24
1.4 Research aims and objectives and research questions of the study ................30
1.4.1 Research aims and objectives....................................................................31
1.4.2 Research questions....................................................................................33
1.5 Methodological design of the study...................................................................34
1.6 Main contribution of the study...........................................................................36
1.7 Structure of the thesis.......................................................................................38
Chapter 2 Literature review.....................................................................................42
2.1 Corporate
governance
.......................................................................................43
2.1.1 Concept of corporate governance ..............................................................45
2.1.2 Corporate governance models ...................................................................46
2.1.3 Corporate governance mechanisms...........................................................48
2.1.4 Ethics in corporate governance ..................................................................50
2.1.5 Emerging corporate governance ................................................................55
2.2 Artificial Intelligence ..........................................................................................60
2.2.1 Concept of AI..............................................................................................60
2.2.2 Typology of AI.............................................................................................62
2.2.3 AI Applications............................................................................................64
2.2.4 AI in corporate governance.........................................................................65
2.3 Blockchain.........................................................................................................67
2.3.1 Concept of blockchain.................................................................................
68
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