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智慧城市的人工智能和区块链.docx
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智慧城市的人工智能和区块链.docx
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND BLOCKCHAIN
FOR SMART CITY
Sabina KAUF
Instytut Nauk o Zarządzaniu i Jakości, Uniwersytet Opolski, Poland; skauf@uni.opole.pl,
ORCID: 0000-0002-5978-4490
Introduction/background: In this article, we want to focus on two very important aspects of
a Smart City, which is the use of artificial intelligence and Blockchain in the functioning of
cities.
Aim of the paper: The aim of the article is to assess the possibilities of using those technologies
implementation of public tasks and in everyday contacts of the public sector with stakeholders.
Materials and methods: The article is theoretical and is based on a review of the literature and
examples in the implementation of Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain technology in a smart
city.
Results and conclusions: Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain have great potential to support
the development of smart city. The dissemination of these technologies is indicated by the
Gartner curve for Digital Government Technology. AI (Autonomus Vehicles) and Blockchain
are the most impact technologies on government organizations over the next 5 to 10 years
AI and Blockchain can provide significant benefits to many areas of the city's functioning:
it is a huge database for collecting and analyzing. Blockchain consensus methods allow greater
transparency and less susceptibility to manipulation, they increase the tendency of stakeholders
to participate and intensify social initiatives.
Keywords: smart city, artificial intelligence, blockchain.
1. Introduction
Smart city are technologically advanced cities where intelligent subsystems connect people
and organizations. These cities are able to use large data sets to offer stakeholders real-time
access to high-quality public services and thus improve the quality of life in the city. Economic
growth is supported by information and communication technologies. They not only improve
city management, but also (and maybe above all) stimulated social participation and the sharing
idea (Kitchin, 2015). Smart cities are often called digital cities based on new technologies,
where ICT solutions, internet of things, big data, cloud computing and Industry 4.0 become
reality (Washburn et al., 2010; Albino et al., 2015; Klein, Kaefer, 2008). Omnipresent sensors
are changing the way of movement in urban space, increase safety and allow the collection of
Scientific Quarterly “Organization and Management”, 2021, Vol. 3, No. 55; DOI: 10.29119/1899-6116.2021.55.4 www.oamquarterly.polsl.pl
50
S. Kauf
large data sets that can be analysed using Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms. They allow the
city to communicate with its own infrastructure, monitor the movement of its residents and
respond to it. As a result, the city's conditions can be optimized. AI has been designed to
efficiently collect, analyse and correctly interpret data and respond to it without any human
interaction. Although Artificial Intelligence is far from independence for now, but it can learn
and constantly improve its activities by collecting and analysing new data that requires
appropriate storage and transmission. Blockchain technology is helpful in this regard, as its
distributed registry architecture means that data is stored simultaneously on all network nodes.
This allows for complete decentralization of data, making access to them more efficient and
more "democratic".
Over the past 10 years, Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain have become technologies
that promise significant and even ground-breaking innovations. The idea of combining these
two technologies in creating a smart city is particularly intriguing. It engages intelligent human
capital (Shapiro, 2006; Giffinger et. al., 2007; Lombardi et al., 2012), because only people are
able to create and use intelligent solutions for the benefit of the general public. It also indicates
the need to develop smart governance, whose task is to create the environment of cooperation
and creation of conditions for participatory performance of public tasks.
According to forecasts, the potential benefits of combining Artificial Intelligence with
Blockchain can be counted in billions in the near future. These two technologies can develop
separately, but together they have bigger potential. As complementary technologies, they can
provide significant benefits for all areas of smart city, from Big Data analyzes, through health
care and financial services, to social participation and public-private partnership. Blockchain
offers artificial intelligence a huge database for collecting and analysing data that remains safe
and unchangeable even in case of failure. Blockchain consensus methods allow greater
transparency of relations between stakeholders. They also guarantee the confidentiality of data
transfers without compromising privacy and security, and less susceptible to manipulation.
Given the above, the purpose of this article is to present the role and significance of
Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain in creating of smart city (Fig. 1). The first part presents
the concept of smart city from the perspective of ICT technology development, which gave
impetus to the development of Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain. In the second part
AI functionalities supporting the creation of smart city will be presented. Subsequently,
the potential of Blockchain technology and its areas of application in smart city was pointed
out. The summary presents the problems that AI and Blockchain can solve and the challenges
that integration of both technologies face.
Artificial intelligence and blockchain for smart city
51
Figure 1. AI and Blockchain as elements supporting Smart City development. Source: own work.
2. Literature review – smart city in the context of ICT Technologies
Although the concept of "smart city" is becoming more and more popular, thus a generally
accepted definition has not yet developed. Analysis of the literature in this area allows to
distinguish two description ways: 1. city based on ICT (Hollands, 2008; Komninos, 2008),
2. a new paradigm in the city's development, where the key role is played by human and social
capital, education and the environment (Neirotti, De Marco, 2014; Giffinger, Fertner et al.,
2007; Lombardi, Giordano et al., 2012; Caragliu, Del Bo, Nijkamp, 2009). The technological
smart city trend is reflected, among others in the definition of T. Bakici, E. Almirall and
J. Wareham (2013), according to which „smart city as a high-tech intensive and advanced city
that connects people, information and city elements using new technologies in order to create
a sustainable, greener city, competitive and innovative commerce, and an increased life
quality”. Similarly, IBM defines a smart city: „A city is an interconnected system of systems.
A dynamic work in progress, with progress as its watchword. A tripod [infrastructure,
operations, people] that relies on strong support for and among each of its pillars, to become
a smarter city for all” (IBM, 2015). This definition includes three key features of smart city:
1. instrumented i.e. the presence of ICT solutions in the city (sensors, mobile devices),
2. connected, i.e. the availability of connections between the real and virtual world, using
instrumentation and (3) intelligent, meaning the ability to use new technologies in the city's
development process (Harrison, Eckman, Hamilton, Hartswick, Kalagnanam, Paraszczak and
Williams, 2010).
Artificial
Intelligence
Blockchain
support
Smart
city
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