Egocentrism Over E-Mail - Can We Communicate as Well as We Think...

Egocentrism Over E-Mail: Can We Communicate as Well as We Think?Justin Kruger New York University, Stern School of BusinessNicholas Epley University of Chicago, Graduate School of BusinessJason Parker and Zhi-Wen Ng University of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignWithout the benefit of paralinguistic cues such as gesture, emphasis, and intonation, it can be difficult to convey emotion and tone over electronic mail (e-mail). Five experiments suggest that this limitation is often underappreciated, such