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Detection of water surface capillary wave by analysis

of turning-point local signal data using

a laser interferometer

Lieshan Zhang (张烈山), Xiaolin Zhang (张晓琳)*, and Wenyan Tang (唐文彦)

School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China

*Corresponding author: zhangxiaolin@hit.edu.cn

Received February 14, 2017; accepted April 14, 2017; posted online May 9, 2017

A laser interferometry technique is developed to detect water surface capillary waves caused by an impinging

acoustic pressure field. The frequency and amplitude of the water surface capillary waves can be estimated from

the local signal data at some special points of the phase modulated interference signal, which is called the turning

points. Demodulation principles are proposed to explain this method. Experiments are conducted under con-

ditions of different intensity and different frequency driving acoustic signals. The results show the local signal

data analysis can effectively estimate the amplitude and frequency of water surface capillary waves.

OCIS codes: 120.3180, 120.7280, 010.7340.

doi: 10.3788/COL201715.071201.

A water surface capillary wave (WSCW) excited by

underwater acoustic source is a transversely spread sur-

face wave with an amplitude of several nanometers that

carries some information about the underwater acoustic

field. Interference detection of water surface micro ampli-

tude waves is a new technique to extract the underwater

acoustic field information

[1–3]

. Underwater acoustic signal

detection is significant, especially in the field of submarine

communications and underwater target recognition. The

main applied technology of underwater acoustic field

detection is still shipborne sonar detection technology

[4]

which needs a shipborne platform to host the main

system and extends the acoustic sensor

[5,6]

into the water.

Usually shipborne sonar lacks flexibility and concealment

character.

Nowadays, more emphasis has been put on the remote

sensing technology of underwater acoustic signals, such as

the Doppler interference technology studied in this Letter.

The laser interference method reported in Refs. [

7,8], was

used to determine the frequency of underwater acoustic

signals by detecting the WSCWs that were excited by

the underwater acoustic signals. We also did some work

on the laser Doppler interference method to estimate

the amplitude of water surface acoustic waves

(WSAWs)

[9]

, but these demodulation methods of coheret

signal detection are only applicable for static analysis of a

global signal. Blackmon et al.

[10,11]

used the laser Doppler

vibrometer to directly detect the vibrations of the water

surface to successfully obtain the acoustic frequency and

sound pressure level of the underwater acoustic field.

However, some large errors might be produced by this

method due to the environmental disturbances (caused

by wind or other factors). In this Letter, we used a simple

laser homodyne system to detect the WSCW, and tried to

analyze the local signal data to estimate the frequency and

amplitude of WSCW. Then we proposed a demodulation

method based on the analysis of local signal data at the

turning points of interference signals. It is very difficult

to obtain a stable interference signal in actual detections

for natural water when using the laser Doppler interferom-

etry technique, so a local signal data analysis method will

be helpful in actual detection.

A simple Doppler homodyne interferometer was used to

probe the water surface to detect the WSCW. There are

some low frequency environmental perturbations on water

surface. According to the principle of Doppler interferom-

etery

[7–13]

, when filtering out the DC component, the inter-

ference signal transduced by a photodetector can be

described as

[9]

UðtÞ¼A

cos½2kA

sinðω

t þ ∅

Þþ2kA

sinðω

t þ ∅

Þþφ

;

(1)

where A

is the gain factor related to the optical

amplitudes of two laser beams and the photoelectric

conversion efficiency, and k is wave number of the co-

herent laser. The amplitude, the angular frequency,

and the phase of environmental perturbations are de-

noted by A

, ω

,and∅

, r espectively. Similarly, the

amplitude, the angular frequency, and the phase of

WSCW are denoted by A

, ω

,and∅

. The character

t denotes time, and character φ

is the initial phase

caused by the optical path difference between the two

arms of interferometer.

Usually the amplitude of WSCW is in the nanometer

range, so it is completely submerged in the environmental

perturbations. Due to the randomness of the environmen-

tal perturbations, complete and accurate phase demodu-

lation of the laser interference signal is very difficult.

Furthermore, the temporal phase change of the detection

signal caused by WSCW is quite small, sometimes even

smaller than a phase demodulation solution. As a result,

COL 15(7), 071201(2017) CHINESE OPTICS LETTERS July 10, 2017

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