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Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79:758

https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-7259-5

Regular Article - Experimental Physics

Letter of interest for a neutrino beam f rom Protvino to

KM3NeT/ORCA

A. V. Akindinov

, E. G. Anassontzis

, G. Anton

, M. Ardid

, J. Aublin

, B. Baret

, V. Bertin

, S. Bourret

C. Bozza

, M. Bruchner

, R. Bruijn

8,9

, J. Brunner

, M. Chabab

, N. Chau

, A. S. Chepurnov

M. Colomer Molla

5,12

, P. Coyle

, A. Creusot

, G. de Wasseige

,A.Domi

6,13,14

, C. Donzaud

, T. Eberl

A. Enzenhöfer

3,6

, M. Faifman

, M. D. Filipovi´c

, L. Fusco

, V. I. Garkusha

,T.Gal

, S. R. Gozzini

, K. Graf

T. Grégoire

, G. Grella

, S. Hallmann

, A. Heijboer

, J. J. Hernández-Rey

, J. Hofestädt

, S. V. Ivanov

C. W. James

, M. de Jong

, P. de Jong

8,9

, P. Kalaczy´nski

, I. D. Kakorin

,U.F.Katz

, N. R. Khan Chowdhury

M. M. Kirsanov

, A. Kouchner

, V. Kulikovskiy

, K. S. Kuzmin

1,15,20

,R.LeBreton

, O. P. Lebedev

M. Lincetto

, E. Litvinovich

15,22

, D. Lopez-Coto

, C. Markou

, A. V. Maximov

, K. W. Melis

, R. Muller

V. A. Naumov

,S.Navas

, L. Nauta

, C. Nielsen

, F. N. Novoskoltsev

, B. Ó Fearraigh

8,9

, M. Organokov

G. Papalashvili

, M. Perrin-Terrin

,C.Poirè

, T. Pradier

, L. Quinn

, D. F. E. Samtleben

, M. Sanguineti

J. Seneca

, R. Shanidze

,E.V.Shirokov

, A. Sinopoulou

, R. Yu. Sinyukov

, M. D. Skorokhvatov

15,22

I. Sokalski

, A. A. Sokolov

, B. Spisso

7,27

, S. M. Stellacci

7,27

, B. Strandberg

, M. Taiuti

13,14

, T. Thakore

E. Tzamariudaki

, V. Van Elewyck

,E.deWolf

8,9

, D. Zaborov

1,6,a

, A. M. Zaitsev

, J. D. Zornoza

, J. Zúñiga

A.I. Alikhanov Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics of NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia

Physics Department, N. and K. University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erlangen, Germany

Universitat Politècnica de València, Instituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras, Gandia, Spain

APC, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France

Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France

Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Salerno e INFN Gruppo Collegato di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy

Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

University of Amsterdam, Institute of Physics/IHEF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Physics Department, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, Morocco

D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

IFIC-Instituto de Física Corpuscular (CSIC-Universitat de València), Valencia, Spain

INFN, Sezione di Genova, Genoa, Italy

Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy

National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia

School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia

A.A. Logunov Institute for High Energy Physics of NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, Protvino, Russia

Curtin Institute of Radio Astronomy, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia

National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, Poland

Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia

Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Moscow, Russia

Dpto. de Física Teórica y del Cosmos and CAFPE, University of Granada, Granada, Spain

Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, NCSR Demokritos, Athens, Greece

Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, Strasbourg, France

Department of Physics, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia

INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy

Received: 22 February 2019 / Accepted: 30 August 2019 / Published online: 12 September 2019

Abstract The Protvino accelerator facility located in the

Moscow region, Russia, is in a good position to offer a

rich experimental research program in the ﬁeld of neutrino

e-mail: zaborov@itep.ru

physics. Of particular interest is the possibility to direct a

neutrino beam from Protvino towards the KM3NeT/ORCA

detector, which is currently under construction in the Mediter-

ranean Sea 40 km offshore Toulon, France. This proposal

is known as P2O. Thanks to its baseline of 2595 km, this

123

758 Page 2 of 14 Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79 :758

experiment would yield an unparalleled sensitivity to mat-

ter effects in the Earth, allowing for the determination of the

neutrino mass ordering with a high level of certainty after

only a few years of running at a modest beam intensity of

≈ 90 kW. With a prolonged exposure (≈ 1500 kW year), a

2σ sensitivity to the leptonic CP-violating Dirac phase can

be achieved. A second stage of the experiment, comprising

a further intensity upgrade of the accelerator complex and

a densiﬁed version of the ORCA detector (Super-ORCA),

would allow for up to a 6σ sensitivity to CP violation and a

◦

−17

◦

resolution on the CP phase after 10 years of running

with a 450 kW beam, competitive with other planned exper-

iments. The initial composition and energy spectrum of the

neutrino beam would need to be monitored by a near detector,

to be constructed several hundred meters downstream from

the proton beam target. The same neutrino beam and near

detector set-up would also allow for neutrino-nucleus cross

section measurements to be performed. A short-baseline ster-

ile neutrino search experiment would also be possible.

1 Introduction

Neutrino physics is one of the most actively developing

branches of particle physics, with many fundamental parame-

ters still awaiting to be experimentally determined, and shows

great promise for new insights into physics beyond the Stan-

dard Model. Two of the key open questions are the presence

of charge-parity (CP) violation in the lepton sector, e.g. by the

CP-violating Dirac phase in the neutrino mixing matrix, and

the relative ordering of the three neutrino mass eigenstates

(“mass ordering”). Both questions can be answered by study-

ing ﬂavour oscillations of GeV neutrinos over a long baseline

( 100 km). Particle accelerators provide a well-controlled

environment suited for conducting high precision measure-

ments of that type. Several long-baseline accelerator neutrino

experiments are currently running and/or under construction,

in particular the T2K/T2HK experiment in Japan (295 km

baseline) [1,2], the NOνA experiment in the USA (810 km

baseline) [3], and the DUNE experiment (1300 km baseline),

also in the USA [4–6]. A typical set-up includes a near detec-

tor, to measure the initial energy spectrum and composition

of the neutrino beam, and a far detector, to measure the neu-

trino beam properties after oscillations. Several experiments

with different baselines will likely be necessary to cleanly

disentangle effects from various poorly constrained parame-

ters, such as the CP-violating phase δ

, the mass ordering,

and (the octant of) the θ

mixing angle. Furthermore, any

new signiﬁcant experimental ﬁnding will need to be inde-

pendently veriﬁed, ideally with an experiment which does

not share the same systematic measurement uncertainties. In

this regard, the construction of multiple experiments with

different baselines is generally well motivated.

This letter expresses interest in a long-baseline neu-

trino experiment using the accelerator complex in Protvino

(Moscow Oblast, Russia) to generate a neutrino beam and

using the KM3NeT/ORCA detector [7] in the Mediterranean

Sea as a far detector. The scientiﬁc potential of the Protvino-

ORCA (P2O) experiment is presented with an emphasis on

the sensitivity to the CP-violating Dirac phase δ

and neu-

trino mass ordering. We argue that, thanks to the long base-

line (2595 km) and the 8 megaton sensitive volume of the far

detector, P2O would be complementary and competitive with

experiments such as T2K, NOνA and DUNE. A vision of the

long-term future of P2O is proposed, including upgrades of

the Protvino accelerator complex and the ORCA detector.

Additionally, a short-baseline neutrino research program is

proposed which includes studies of neutrino-nucleus interac-

tions as well as searches for phenomena beyond the Standard

Model.

This document is organized as follows: the ORCA neu-

trino detector is introduced in Sect. 2. The current status and

proposed upgrades of the Protvino accelerator complex are

presented in Sect. 3. The neutrino beamline and the near

detector are discussed in Sects. 4 and 5, respectively. Sec-

tions 6 and 7 present the scientiﬁc potential of the P2O long-

baseline experiment and the proposed short-baseline research

program, respectively. Section 8 refers to a possible future

upgrade of ORCA. Section 9 gives a summary.

2 KM3NeT/ORCA

ORCA (Oscillation Research with Cosmics in the Abyss) is

one of the two neutrino detectors under construction by the

KM3NeT Collaboration [7]. It is located at 42

◦



N06

◦



about 40 km off the coast of Toulon, France, at a depth

between 2450 m (the seabed depth) and 2250 m. When com-

pleted, ORCA will consist of 2070 digital optical modules

(DOMs) installed on 115 vertical strings (detection units,

DUs) (see Fig. 1). With a 9 m vertical spacing between

the DOMs and a ≈ 20 m horizontal spacing between the

DUs, the detector instruments a total of 8 megaton (Mt) of

sea water. ORCA is optimized for the study of atmospheric

neutrino oscillations in the energy range of 2–30 GeV with

the primary goal to determine the neutrino mass ordering.

The majority of neutrino events observed by ORCA will be

from electron and muon neutrino and antineutrino charge-

current (CC) interactions, while tau neutrinos and neutral

current (NC) interactions constitute minor backgrounds (7%

and 11% of the total neutrino rate, respectively, for ν

CC and

all-ﬂavour NC). At E

= 5 GeV, the majority (> 50%) of

muon neutrino CC events detected by ORCA can be correctly

identiﬁed as muon neutrinos, while less than 15% of electron

neutrino CC events are misidentiﬁed as muon neutrinos [7].

ORCA will provide a neutrino energy resolution of ≈ 30%

123

Eur. Phys. J. C (2019) 79 :758 Page 3 of 14 758

Fig. 1 Schematic view of the KM3NeT/ORCA detector

and a zenith angle resolution of ≈ 7

◦

at E

= 5 GeV. A result

with a 3σ statistical signiﬁcance for the type of mass order-

ing is expected after three years of data taking [7]. ORCA

will also provide improved measurements of the atmospheric

neutrino oscillation parameters Δm

, θ

and will probe

the unitarity of 3-neutrino mixing by measuring the ν

ﬂux

normalisation. Non-standard neutrino interactions, as well as

astrophysical neutrino sources, dark matter, and other physics

phenomena will also be studied. The detector construction

has recently started and is expected to be completed within

4 years.

3 The Protvino accelerator complex, current status and

proposed upgrades

The Protvino accelerator complex (see Fig. 2) is located at

◦



N37

◦



E, approximately 100 km South of Moscow,

Russia. Its core component is the U-70 synchrotron with a

circumference of 1.5 km which accelerates protons up to 70

GeV. U-70 was originally built in the 1960s and has been

in regular operation since then. The proton injection chain

includes an ion source, a 30 MeV linear accelerator, and a

1.5 GeV booster synchrotron. The accelerator chain is nor-

mally operated at a beam energy of 50–70 GeV, with a proton

intensity of up to 1.5×10

protons per cycle. The beam cycle

is 10 s, with a beam spill duration of up to 3.5 s; or 8 s, with

a5µs beam spill. A dedicated neutrino beamline supplied a

neutrino beam to the SKAT bubble chamber (1974–1992) [8],

Fig. 2 Schematic view of the Protvino accelerator complex

the ITEP-IHEP spark chamber spectrometer [9], the IHEP-

JINR neutrino detector (1989–1995, upgraded 2002–2006)

[10], and other experiments. The results from these experi-

ments include neutrino-nucleon cross section measurements

and constraints on the ν

→ ν

oscillation parameters. The

beamline was able to provide a high-purity muon neutrino

beam, thanks to the steel muon absorbers preventing muon

decay in ﬂight, and a tunable beam spectrum, thanks to active

lenses. The beamline is not currently operational and its

active components will require refurbishing if they are to

be used again. Meanwhile, the rest of the U-70 accelerator

complex is in good operational condition. The complex is

operated by the Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP),

which is part of the “Kurchatov Institute” National Research

Center.

The U-70 synchrotron routinely operates at a time-

averaged beam power of up to 15 kW. In the 1990s, a new

injection scheme was considered at IHEP, which would allow

for an increase of the beam intensity to 5 × 10

protons per

cycle [11]. Together with the shortening of the cycle to 7

s, this would provide a beam power of 75 kW. After some

further incremental improvements, a beam power of 90 kW

could be reached. Hence, in the following, we will use the

value of 90 kW as the achievable goal of such an upgrade.

Assuming that the accelerator works for the neutrino pro-

gram with a 60% efﬁciency for 6 months a year, one year

of the 90 kW beam corresponds to ≈ 0.8 × 10

protons

on target (POT). Note that the design of the main U-70 syn-

chrotron potentially allows for operation at a beam power up

to ≈ 450 kW. An upgrade up to 450 kW could be made

possible by a new chain of injection accelerators [12]. Such

a beam power would be adequate for high-precision studies

of CP violation (see Sect. 8).

4 Neutrino beamline

A new neutrino beamline will need to be constructed at

Protvino to enable the proposed research program. In order to

123

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