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Hybrid Photon-Plasmon Nanowire Lasers

Xiaoqin Wu,

†,§

Yao Xiao,

†,§

Chao Meng,

†

Xining Zhang,

†

Shaoliang Yu,

†

Yipei Wang,

†

Chuanxi Yang,

†

Xin Guo,

†

C. Z. Ning,

‡

and Limin Tong*

,†

†

State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou

310027, China

‡

School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States

Supporting Information

ABSTRACT: Metallic and plasmonic nanolasers have attracted growing interest recently.

Plasmonic lasers demonstrated so far operate in hybrid photon-plasmon modes in

transverse dimensions, rendering it impossible to separate photonic from plasmonic

components. Thus only the far-ﬁeld photonic component can be measured and utilized

directly. But spatially separated plasmon modes are highly desired for applications

including high-eﬃciency coupling of single-photon emitters and ultrasensitivity optical

sensing. Here, we report a nanowire (NW) laser that oﬀers subdiﬀraction-limited beam size

and spatially separated plasmon cavity modes. By near-ﬁeld coupling a high-gain CdSe NW

and a 100 nm diameter Ag NW, we demonstrate a hybrid photon-plasmon laser operating

at 723 nm wavelength at room temperature, with a plasmon mode area of 0.008λ

. This

device simultaneously provides spatially separated photonic far-ﬁeld output and highly localized coherent plasmon modes, which

may open up new avenues in the ﬁelds of integrated nanophotonic circuits, biosensing, and quantum information processing.

KEYWORDS: Plasmon, laser, nanowire, hybrid cavity, subdiﬀraction limit

s coherent sources that can provide optical-frequency

radiation well below the classical diﬀraction limit in one or

more spatial dimensions, nanoscale plasmonic lasers have been

attracting more and more attentions in the past few years.

1−15

Relying on diverse conﬁgurations of metallic nanostructures

(such as clads,

5,10

ﬁlms,

7,9,11−13

stripes,

and particles

6,15

)

adjacent to certain gain media, deep-subdiﬀraction nanolasers

have been successfully demonstrated. However, all the

plasmonic lasers reported so far operate in hybrid photon-

plasmon modes in the direction transverse to the propagation

direction, making it impossible to separate a pure plasmon

cavity mode from photonic component. Consequently, only the

far-ﬁeld photonic component can be measured and utilized

directly.

For practical applications, direct access to a plasmon cavity

mode is an important approach to provide nanoscale conﬁned

ﬁelds for light-matter interactions. Moreover, within visible and

near-infrared spectral range the relaxation time of the plasmon

oscillation in metals can go down to ∼10 fs level,

16,17

which

oﬀers an opportunity for modulating a laser containing

separated plasmon cavity modes with ultrahigh rates. Therefore,

nanolasers with spatially separated plasmon cavity modes are

highly potential for wide applications including strong coupling

of quantum nanoemitters,

18−23

ultrasensitivity optical sens-

ing,

24−27

and ultrafast-modulated coherent sources.

17,28,29

Chemically synthesized nanowires (NWs) oﬀer excellent

surface smoothness and crystalline structures, which ensure low

waveguiding losses for both photonic

and plasmonic

31,32

modes. For plasmonic waveguiding, Ag NWs are of particular

interest owing to their low dissipative loss (Ohmic loss) in the

visible and near-infrared ranges.

Also, the polaritonic

resonances

of Ag NWs match the gain spectral range of

some high-gain (>10

−1

) semiconductor

7,11−13

(e.g., CdSe)

NWs, making it possible to compensate the Ohmic loss of the

metal for lasing actions in a hybrid photon-plasmon NW cavity.

By near-ﬁeld coupling a long CdSe NW and a 100 nm-

diameter Ag NW, here we demonstrate a hybrid photon-

plasmon NW laser that oﬀers subdiﬀraction-limited beam size

and spatially separated plasmon modes. The laser operates

around 723 nm wavelength at room temperature and oﬀers far-

ﬁeld-accessible pure plasmon cavity modes on a 3.7 μm length

Ag NW with a beam size of 0.008λ

. We also show that the

hybrid photon-plasmon NW laser can be modulated by solely

modifying the propagation loss of the plasmon modes in the Ag

NW.

Here, the hybrid photon-plasmon NW laser we proposed is

schematically illustrated in Figure 1. A Ag NW is side-coupled

to an ultralong CdSe NW to form an X-shape structure (Figure

1a). The coupling point is located close to the left end of the

CdSe NW, dividing the NW into two segments: the shorter one

to the left serves as a gain medium under optical pump; the

longer one to the right that is outside the pump beam and

highly absorptive around the emission band of the CdSe

34,35

serves as a distributed absorber to eliminate reﬂection from the

right side of the NW.

As shown in Figure 1b, the

photoluminescence (PL) from CdSe band-edge is waveguided

Received: September 5, 2013

Revised: October 11, 2013

Published: October 17, 2013

Letter

pubs.acs.org/NanoLett

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