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管道裂缝及腐蚀缺陷的合成聚焦超声导波
无损检测技术
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段方,孙泽青,孙安玉,居冰峰
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基金项目:2012 年度高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金(20120101110059)
作者简介:段方(1992),男,在读硕士,超声检测与超声加工
通信联系人:居冰峰(1972),男,教授,超精密测量. E-mail: mbfju@zju.edu.cn
(浙江大学机械工程学院) 5
摘要:本文提出了一种引入维纳反卷积滤波的管道导波合成聚焦技术,可以实现管道微小缺
陷(最小可达 0.32%的截面积变化)的无损检测。管道缺陷在 T(0,1)模态扭转波的激励下反
射出传播速度各异的多阶模态,在距离缺陷一定轴向距离处用一沿管道周向扫描的小型传
感器接收回波信号。采用合成聚焦方法补偿回波信号中各阶模态分量的频散特性,并结合10
维纳反卷积滤波提取缺陷的反射系数分布,并用于成像。在缺陷所在的轴向位置上,反射
系数周向分布曲线的半高宽可以作为评判缺陷周向尺寸的定量准则。经实验验证,该方法
可以定量检测得周向割缝缺陷的尺寸,并能够成功检测出在管道表面粘贴的不锈钢薄片。
关键词:机械电子工程;管道导波;合成聚焦;频散特性补偿;维纳反卷积
中图分类号:TH865 15
Synthetic focusing of guided wave echoes from crack and
corrosion defects on pipe
DUAN Fang, SUN Zeqing, SUN Anyu, JU Bingfeng
(College of Mechanical Enginnering, Zhejiang University) 20
Abstract: In this paper, quantitative evaluation of pipe defects with weak reflection (as small as
0.32% cross-section area alteration) is realized using synthetic focusing method in this paper.
Echoes from circumferential defects under T(0,1) mode impinging are received by a compact
transducer crawling around the pipe. The idea of synthetic focusing is employed to compensate
dispersion of multiple modes. Weiner Deconvolution is introduced to extract the distribution of 25
the reflection coefficient of potential defects, which is employed for defect imaging.
Circumferential extent of the discontinuity is obtained by calculating Full Width at Half Maximum
(FWHM) of synthetically focused angular profile. This method is experimentally validated by
detecting both through-thickness notches and attached stainless steel strips. A criterion for
circumferential extent determination is proposed based on experimental results. 30
Key words: mechanical enginnering; guided wave in pipe; synthetic focusing; dispersion
compensation; Wiener deconvolution
0 引言
管道结构广泛应用于化工、能源和基建设等多个行业,具有空间跨度大,服役周期长,35
工作环境恶劣等特点,针对其健康状态的全覆盖无损检测一直是工程界的一大难题。通过在
爬行机器人上装配光学镜头,超声体波探头,X 射线检测仪,磁漏或者涡流探测器,可以实
现沿管道内壁的逐点扫描无损检测
[1]
。当需要全范围检测时,这种方式耗费时间较长,且作
业时通常需要管道系统暂停运营,增大检测成本。自上世纪 90 年代起,导波检测逐渐成为
管道无损检测的一大热点。导波检测的优势在于导波沿着管道轴向传播衰减极小,因而可以40
达到相当可观的检测范围。目前奥林巴斯公司已开发出 UltraWave LRT 管道导波检测系统,
其双向检测范围可达 182 米。而英国焊接研究所(TWI)的全资公司 Plant Integrity 开发出
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