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Open Access Library Journal

2018, Volume 5, e4393

ISSN Online: 2333-9721

ISSN Print: 2333-9705

DOI:

10.4236/oalib.1104393 Mar. 6, 2018 1 Open Access Library Journal

Aerosol Optical Depth Pathways and Sources;

Lake Victoria Basin

Misiani Zachary

1,2#

, Lun Yin

, Mwai Zacharia

1,2

School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China

Kenya Meteorological Department, Ministry of Environment & Natural Resources, Nairobi, Kenya

Yunnan Academy of Social Sciences, Kunming, China

Abstract

The air mass back-

trajectory clustering analysis was combined with Aerosol

Optical Depth (AOD) of fine mode, coarse mode and fine mode fraction in

order to evaluate the long-range effects of transportation patterns of traject

ries for the ground based station at ICIPE Mbita which is located on longitude

and latitude of 34.2˚E, 0.417˚S respectively at 1

125 meters above sea level. In

order to get a clear picture of the source and sinking points

of aerosols,

monthly means of a 72 hour backward trajectories data ranging from 2013 to

2015 were used in categorizing the cluster into five classes. Most of the air

tra

jectories analysis from this paper shows evidence that the major sources

and pathways f

or the aerosols into the receptor station commonly originate

from as far as the Arabian deserts and Sahara deserts from the Northern

Hemisphere and Indian Ocean and central Africa in the Southern Hemi

phere.

Subject Areas

Atmospheric Sciences, Environmental Sciences

Keywords

Aerosols, Cluster Analysis, MAM, JJA, Trajectories, ICIPE Mbita and

AERONET, LBR

1. Introduction

Atmospheric aerosol is the suspension of liquid and solid particles with varying

diameter mostly smaller than 1 micrometer (μm) to larger than 100 micrometer

*This is a common cluster method and approach of studying how atmospheric aerosols are trans-

ported from different sources to specific receptor site.

How to cite this paper:

Zachary, M., Yin

. and Zacharia, M. (2018)

Aerosol Optical

Depth Pathways and Sources; Lake Victoria

Basin

Open Access Library Journal

4393.

https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104393

Received:

February 1, 2018

Accepted:

March 3, 2018

Published:

March 6, 2018

8 by authors and Open

Access Library Inc

This work is licensed under the Creative

Commons Attribution International

License (CC BY

4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Open Access

M. Zachary et al.

DOI:

10.4236/oalib.1104393 2 Open Access Library Journal

(μm) in the atmosphere that plays an important role in solar radiation budget,

climate change, hydrological process, air quality and visibility through the effect

of scattering, reflection and absorption of incoming solar energy from the sun

[1].

Lake Victoria Basin Region of Kenya which is accustomed by the complex in-

teractions of climatic and topographic effects of the atmospheric dynamics has a

diverse physical features ranging from the hills of the Northern Bungoma

County to the lower plains bordering Lake Victoria which is the largest and fresh

water lake in Africa. The sources of this Fine Mode AOD, Coarse Mode AOD,

and Fine Mode Fraction concentration aerosol vary significantly from place to

place and time of year. The land/lake-breezes cycle defines local winds and in-

fluence the transportation of particles from/to neighboring areas. The combina-

tion of low wind speeds and land/lake-breezes leads to a higher concentration of

aerosol particles.

From early as 1940s since its development, the back trajectory analysis has

been utilized as one of the most powerful tool for tracking the spatial domain of

air parcels arriving at receptor sites tracking the history and pathway of air par-

cels and pollutants [2].

This study aims at investigating the transport pathways and potential sources

of Fine Mode, Coarse Mode, and Fine Mode Fraction AOD based on backward

trajectories and AOD concentration records in 2013, 2014 and 2015 at ICIPE

Mbita AERONET station at 34.2˚E, −0.417˚S, and 1125 meters above sea level

next to Kisumu city. The results from this research would not only provide some

scientific basis for improving the air quality in this region especially in Kisumu

city and the ecological environment of the surrounding regions, but also accu-

mulate some experience for cities with similar situation in the world.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Data for the Study

Data used in this study is from two sources as described below:

The Fine Mode, Coarse Mode Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), and Fine Mode

Fraction AOD concentrations for ICIPE Mbita in wet and dry seasons from 2013

to 2015 were downloaded from AERONET Aerosol Robotic Network for level

2.0 daily averages, available at

https://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/new_web/index.html

In this study, a 72-hour back-trajectories arriving at 1,125m above ground

level were calculated for every 6 hours (00, 06, 12, 18 UTC) a day, from March to

August for 2013 to 2015 using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminis-

tration (NOAA) HYSPLIT4 trajectory model [3] and [4] available at

http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.html

The National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Final Analyses

(NCEP/FNL) archive data downloaded from NOAA were used as meteorological

data input to the model. The final model outputs were hourly trajectory end-

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